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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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America’s foreign affairs and overseas trade were controlled by the _____ and ______ rest left to ______ |
king parliament home rule |
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Cost of administering colonies was |
substantial |
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Taxation caused some of the events sparking independence: |
Sugar Act: tax on sugar Stamp Act: tax on paper goods |
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First Continental Congress: (1774) |
goal: restore harmony with Great Britain Best way to do so is petition George III saying they were being over taxed. He thought it was a rebellion so he implemented a greater tax |
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SEcond Continental Congress (1775) |
prepare for war or reconcile with Britain? Declared colonies Independence |
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The Declaration of Independence: (July 4, 1776): |
the decrement that proclaimed the right of the colonies to separate from Great Britain Based on the philosophy of John Locke: natural rights Drafted by Thomas Jefferson Social Contract Theory: consent to be governed. Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense: encouraged everyone to get behind people in second Continental Congress in developing independent colonies |
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republic |
a government without a monarch Rooted in the consent of the governed, whose power is exercised by elected representatives responsible to the governed. |
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Articles of Confederation (November 15, 1777) |
the compact among the thirteen original states the established the first government of the United States. Unicameral: 1 house of representatives bicameral: 2 houses of representative Each state had one vote in congress Votes on important issues required consent of at least 9 states major flaw: could not regulate interstate commerce Confederation: a loose association of independent states that agree to cooperate on specified matters |
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congress could do what |
establish and control the armed forces, declare war and make peace
enter into threats and alliances
regulate coinage but not pater money & could borrow money from the people
create courts to address issues related to ships at sea
create a postal system and government departments |
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congress could not |
not enforce states to meet military quotas
enforce treaties
not directly tax the people
no national judicial system of executive branch
regulate commerce between states or other nations |
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Constitutional Convention (May 1787) |
delates from 13 states convened to amend the Articles of Confederation, but decided to wrote a new constitution While writing the constitution, the framers incorporated 2 basic principles: limited government: wanted to make sure there is not one person or one branch of government with too much power checks and balances did not want to be like England with royals representative government: individuals are elected into office by the people and those people listen to the voters |
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The Virginia Plan |
a set of proposals for a new government Establish 3 branches of government: executive branch: the law-enforcing branch of government judicial branch: the law-interpreting branch of government
Bicameral Legislature: Members of lower house chosen by people Members of upper house choose by lower house |
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The New Jersey Plan |
a set of 9 resolutions that would preserve the ARticles of Confederation by amending them rather than replacing them Submitted by the head of the New Jersey delegation to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 Unicameral legislature: equal representation for each state Each state has 2 representatives Multi-person executive without the right ot veto Judiciary (national) created with limited jurisdiction No executive veto power Acts of Congress would be the supreme law of the land (Supremacy Law) constitution overides |
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key differences between the plans |
1. Make up of legislature Virginia Plan: bicameral New Jersey Plan: unicameral 2. Representation 3. Veto Power New Jersey Plan: No |
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The great compromise |
compromise legislature Created a bicameral legislature House of Representatives (lower house): representation based on population of each state (Virginia plan) 435 total members Senate (upper house): equal representation (New Jersey Plan) 2 from each state
Compromise on presidency Electoral College 538 total votes |
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In creating the constitution, the founders relied on four political principles that together established a revolutionary new political order: |
republicanism, federalism, separation of powers and checks and balances. |
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republicanism |
a form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives |
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federalism |
the division of power between a central government and regional governments Makes citizens subject to two different bodies of law. One side is unitary government, in which all power is vested in a central government. Other side stands confederation, a loose union with powerful states. National and state governments can exercise their powers over person and property within their own sphere of authority. |
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separation of powers |
the assignment of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to separate branches of government. Ensuring that all government power does not fall into the hands of a single person or group of people. |
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checks and balances |
a government structure that gives each branch some scrutiny of and control over the other branches. Aim is to prevent the exclusive exercise of certain powers by any one of the three branches Example: Only congress can enact laws. But the president, through veto power, can cancel them, the courts (by finding that a law violates the constitution) can strike them down. |
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how many articles are there |
7 |
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article 1 |
The legislative Article - most detailed expresses the principle of enumerated powers: the powers explicitly granted to Congress by the Constitution 18 powers are enumerated (first 17 are specific powers) Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) Last Clause Gives congress the means to execute the enumerated powers This clause is the Basis of Congress’s implied powers: those powers that congress must have in order to execute its enumerated powers Example: The power to levy and collect taxes |
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article 2 |
The Executive Article: |
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article 3 |
The judicial Article - was left vague - The constitution established the supreme court as the highest court in the land |
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article 4 |
- requires that the judicial acts and criminal warrants of each state be honored in all other states |
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article 5 |
- specifics the methods for amending the Constitution and guarantees equal state representation in the Senate |
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article 6 |
The Supremacy Clause |
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article 7 |
- describes the ratification process |
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farmers motives |
The single most important factor leading to the Constitutional Convention was the inability of the national or state governments to maintain order under the loose structure of the Articles of Confederation |
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the slavery issue |
The Three-Fifths Clause gave states with large slave population great representation in congress than state s with small slave population The compromise left the south with 47% of house seats |
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when was the final version of the constitution signed? |
September 17, 1787 |
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The proponents of the new charter, who wanted a strong national government called themselves what? |
federalists |
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The opponents of the Constitution were quickly called what? |
antifederalists |
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federalist papers |
- October 1787 - a series of 85 New York Newspaper articles defending the constitution - the essay was called “publius” |
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the bill of rights |
the first 10 amendments to the constitution Prevent the national government from tampering with fundamental rights and civil liberties and emphasize the limited character of national power |
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formal ammendment process |
two-thirds vote of members present in both houses of Congress (thirty-three amendments proposed) ---> three-fourths of state legislatures (26 ratified) ---> constitutional conventions in 3/4 of the states (one amendment, the 21st ratified)
national convention called by congress at request of 2/3 of state legislatures ---> three-fourths of state legislatures (26 ratified) ---> constitutional conventions in 3/4 of the states (one amendment, the 21st ratified)
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Marbury v Madison (1803) |
- the supreme court declared that the courts have the power to nullify government acts when they conflict with the constitution |
