Political Science

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Federalism

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A system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments

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Apathy

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Declining political participation / Such loss of broad popular influence over government actions undermines the key feature of American democracy—government by the people.

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Authoritarian Regime

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Obeying authority as opposed to individual freedom

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What did the Bourgeois do?

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They supplied most of France's money, engaged trade, and built wealth for the country. They gave America the idea of spreading wealth among classes.

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Representation in the Senate

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States would have representation based on population in the House of Representatives, but would have equal representation in the Senate where there would be two members from each state – large or small

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Majority Rule and Minority Rights

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the democratic principle that a government follows the preferences of the majority of voters but protects the interests of the minority

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Role of Money in American Politics

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Money often determines who runs for office; it can exert a heavy influence on who wins; and some argue that it affects what politicians do once they are in office.

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Great Compromise

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The agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that gave each state an equal number of senators regardless of its population, but linked representation in the House of Representatives to population

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Three Fifths Compromise

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Compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention / five slaves would count as three free persons.

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Concurrent Powers

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Authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes

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Categorical Grants

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Congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by the law

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Project Grants

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grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis

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Formula Grants

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grants-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive

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Oliver Holmes

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one of the most widely cited United States Supreme Court justices in history, particularly for his "clear and present danger" opinion for a unanimous Court in the 1919 case of Schenck v. United States, and is one of the most influential American common law judges

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Bob Novak

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Robert David Sanders "Bob" Novak was an American syndicated columnist, journalist, television personality, author, and conservative political commentator.’

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The Annapolis Convention

(Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government)

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a political convention held in 1786 where twelve delegates from 5 states gathered to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected

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Virginia Plan

(Randolph Plan) (Large -State Plan)

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a framework for the Constitution, introduced by Edmund Randolph, that called for representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state

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New Jersey Plan

(Paterson Plan) (Small-State Plan)

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a framework for the Constitution, introduced by William Paterson, that called for equal state representation in the national legislature regardless of population

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Why has the Constitution lasted so long?

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The framers of the Constitution established the broad structure of government but also left the system flexible enough to adapt to changing conditions.

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Why was Judith Miller thrown in prison?

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for contempt of court for refusing to tell a federal grand jury the name of a confidential source in a case involving the leaked identity of the CIA analyst

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What is a Grand Jury?

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a legal body that is empowered to conduct official proceedings to investigate potential criminal conduct and to determine whether criminal charges should be brought / A grand jury may compel the production of documents and may compel the sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it.

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What are Civil Rights?

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The rights of individuals to receive equal treatment (and to be free from unfair treatment or "discrimination") in a number of settings -- including education, employment, housing, and more -- and based on certain legally-protected characteristics.

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What was Reconstruction?

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Was aimed at reorganizing the Southern states after the Civil War, providing the means for readmitting them into the Union, and defining the means by which whites and blacks could live together in a nonslave society

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Why did Reconstruction come to an end in the South?

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The South, however, saw Reconstruction as a humiliating, even vengeful imposition and did not welcome it.

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Why was the Statue of Liberty the Greatest Hypocrisy ever?

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The Statue of Liberty was a woman and women were not given rights such as voting at that time / it stood for many more broken dreams and promises

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Where did Congress get the power to forbid discrimination in employment?

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Brown v. Board of Education

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made “separate but equal” illegal at least in schools, declaring racially segregated schools could never be equal. Also, it shot down Jim Crow laws, with significant help from the NCAAP. Majority opinion was written by Earl Warren.

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Hispanic/latino civil rights organizations

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LULAC (League of United Latino American Citizens)

Gi Forum

MALDEF (Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund)

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Native Americans before and after 1920

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Native Americans were not considered citizens until 1924, even though they technically have been there longer than most populations

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Popular Sovereignty

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a principle of democracy in which political authority rests ultimately in the hands of the people

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Montesquieu

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powers of government must be divided in order to prevent any one group or institution from exercising tyrannical control over the nation

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Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

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Federalists argued that the Constitution did not need a bill of rights, because the people and the states kept any powers not given to the federal government. Anti-Federalists held that a bill of rights was necessary to safeguard individual liberty.

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Judicial Review

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The power of the courts to review and, if necessary, declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional; the Supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury v. Madison (1803)

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Lemon Test

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a rule articulated in Lemon v. Kurtzman that government action toward religion is permissible if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits the practice of religion, and does not lead to “excessive entanglement” with religion

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Gerrymandering

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redistricting to benefit a particular group. State majority leaders redraw district lines to make sure they have as many representatives as possible in order to maintain control.