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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arrow's Theorem
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-The use of elections does not ensure that the majority's preference will be reflected
-Different methods of counting votes lead to very different elections - Elections can not be the perfect means of making decisions -Reminder of the distinction between the real and the ideal |
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Plurality
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Whoever receives the most votes wins
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Majority run off
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Elections take an initial vote then eliminate all but the top two, then vote from these two
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Survivor
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Vote off one by one. The furthest away
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Round by round
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Vote in multiple rounds. Each round vote for the candidate you like most. Candidate with the fewest number of votes will be dropped.
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Democracy and the Liberal Ideal
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-Elections can never truly reflect the ideal of the people
-Pure democracy is probably unattainable in practice |
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Preference List Ballot
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A preference list ballot consists of a rank ordering of candidates showing the preferences of one of the individuals who is voting.
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Borda Count
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Rank candidates (preference ranking) they assign points to each candidate
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Sequential Pairwise Voting- ABCD
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Pits one against another until only one remains
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Hare System
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Delete candidates that are least preferred
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Direct Democracy
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Problems?
Too much effort, not enough knowledge, doesn't seem feasible for our country |
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Referenda
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Questions that legislatures put on the ballot for the people to decide
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Initiatives
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Questions citizens put on the ballot
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Effectiveness of US System
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1. Representatives create a democratic gov. of specialist
2. Institutionalizes revolt through frequent elections 3. Limits the power of the government 4. Notes downsides of democracy and therefore has some undemocratic elements |
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Experiential Reality
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Experience directly through our five senses
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Agreement Reality
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Things we believe to be true but we've never experienced them
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Mediated Reality
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Reality that comes to us through channels of information flow, primarily through the news media
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Cognitive Frameworks
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The personal experiences, preferences, and expectations that we all use to make sense of the world.
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The Creation Reality
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Where do we get our political information?
-No one source is absolutely perfect Most info through the news -Accesible -Inexpensive -Communal -Reliable |
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News Media and Politics
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IDEALLY the news would perfectly reflect reality
The news media would present reliable and accurate information |
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The Business of the News
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-News is a big business
What is the product? -The audience is the primary product being sold -Keep your attention as cheaply as possible What keeps your attention? -Conflict -Sex sells |
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The Political Soap Opera
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-Action driven by conflict
- Wealth, power, love, sex, good, evil |
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Sex Sells
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-Sex gets people's attention
-Adds to the personal news worthiness of a story |
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Drama
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-No such thing as a normal day
-News worthiness is linked to unusualness |
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Tragedy
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-Human impact is one more aspect of news worthiness
-News is filled with world of war, death, and disaster -War is always newsworthy, peace seldom so |
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Dramatic Imperative
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-The need for commercial news outlets to focus on rare and unusual events that have a tremendous impact on people in order to draw an audience
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Balance
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-The best way to objectively cover any issue, even if it is one that is pervaded by cooperation, is to present both sides to the council on an equal and fair basis
-This leads to distortion |
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Role of Elites
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-Elites dominate the news
-Elites are seen as newsworthy -Elites capture and hold people's attention |
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How do non-elites get their voices heard?
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-Protests
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The Disadvantage Voice
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-Protests
-Tiny portion of the population -Yet when those protesting receive media coverage it creates |
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Politically Effective Protest
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1. Media coverage is a must
2. Demand a clear and simple response 3. Appeal to self interest 4. A tad bit of luck |
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Cockroach Theory of Politics
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-Politicians do not want to be spotted any place where they can be stomped on
-There is a great fear of getting caught in the middle of a media feeding frenzy over a scandal or bad policy |
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Distortion
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-The more strongly you feel about something, the more steadfast your beliefs, the more likely it is that you are missing the information that does not fit with the world you expect to see or want to believe in
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World War I
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-Technological advantages
- Machine guns -Trenches - Disease - Many officers went on to become professors, politicians, and artist - Sought peace at any cost |
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Liberalism
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- Social, political, and economic philosophy based on a positive view of human nature
Beliefs: - Use ethical principles when pursuing power - human possess an altruistic drive - war is not ineveitable - war requires collective effort to control - disarmament |
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Realism
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-Predominate perspective
-a conservative perspective on international politics emphasizing the inevitability of conflict among nations, the centrality of power, and the ever present threat of war |
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Key assumptions of realism
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1. states are rational unitary actors
2. these unitary rational states interact in an anarchical environment 3. power is the fundamental resource to be pursued |
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Is realism realistic
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- What about international cooperation
-what about the events and people within the states? - Anarchy doesn't last very long |
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Constructivism
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-a perspective that stresses the importance of identities and shared understandings in shaping the behavior of social actors
-states are not rational -states develop identities internally -states assumptions/ beliefs determine effect of international system |
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Feminism
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-gender based theory and analysis offer an incomplete and distorted picture of international relations
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Balance of Power
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-states seek to prevent another states or other state's domination of the international system
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Equality
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states or alliances approximately equal in power
ex. NATO, Warsaw in the Cold War |
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Hegemony
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One state or alliance has clear advantage over
dominate power |
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Collective Security
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All states agree to ally against any aggressor state
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Bandwagoning
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-Opportunistic international alliances in which nations ally with the bully in order to benefit
-The tendency for weak states to seek alliances with the strongest power |
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Foreign policy analysis
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-Individuals, not states make decisions
-For any input there are a number of possible outputs -Difficulty in separating out all the details of each decision |
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World system theory
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-Economy is the main component of international politics
- World economy emerged between 1450 and 1640 which created a division of labor between the "cone" (industrial) areas and the "periphercy" pg.338 |
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Foreign policy decision making
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-Geopolitics
-Military capabilities -Economic conditions -Type of gov. |
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Geopolitics
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Geography
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Military Capabilities
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Top ten
-USA -China -Russia -India -UK -Good to have it even if not using it |
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Economic Conditions
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-Better economy = better influence
- Richer nations help out others |
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Democratic Peace Theory
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Kant: Democracies won't go to war because they can't justify the losses
Democratic political regimes do not fight one another as much - Little scholarly consensus |
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Culture
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-Culture is the set values that a group shares
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Political Culture
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-Political culture is the shared social context from which people make political choices
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Geographic Isolation
(New Zealand) |
-Far away from others
-Less border issues -Not be able to provide all needs, trade -Everything is older - Not a lot of conflict, can usually choose when it wants to get around |
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Social Distance
(New Zealand) |
-England had New Zealand as a territory, still that link between the two. Socially feel close to England
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Agricultural Economic Base
(New Zealand) |
Environmentally conscience
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Maori
(New Zealand) |
-Native people of New Zealand
-Learn some Maori language in school -No reservations -Maori have political party |
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Culture as Politics
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-Culture can also be applied to the pursuit of political and social goals
-Russian ballet -olympics -Cultural events, such as sporting events, can be used to enhance national or other group identities - People use culture to define or justify policy |
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Cultural Ownership
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-Culture has value
- How do we define that value? |
