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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Great Game
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a term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia. The classic Great Game period is generally regarded as running approximately from the Russo-Persian Treaty of 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907.
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Iran-contra affair
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a political scandal in the United States which came to light in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, in which senior US figures agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo, to secure the release of hostages and to fund Nicaraguan Contras.
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Algiers Agreement
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an agreement made in 1975 between Iran and Iraq to settle their border disputes (such as the Shatt al-Arab –known as Arvand Rud in Iran– and Khuzestan), and served as basis for the bilateral treaties signed on 13 June and 26 December 1975.
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Dual Containment
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It assumes that either the regional status quo in the Middle East will endure or the United States will be able to stage-manage a change of regime in Iraq, while keeping Iran from being a spoiler of stability. an official United States foreign policy aimed at containing Iraq and Iran, Israel's two most important strategic adversaries, first outlined in May 1993 by Martin Indyk.
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UNSCOM
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1990-1999 an inspection regime created by the United Nations to ensure Iraq's compliance with policies concerning Iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction after the Gulf War.
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IAEA
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The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. It was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957.
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ILSA
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The Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 (ILSA) was a 1996 act of Congress that imposed economic sanctions on firms doing business with Iran and Libya.
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Tanker Wars
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the Tanker War started when Iraq attacked Iranian tankers and the oil terminal at Kharg island in 1984. Iran struck back by attacking tankers carrying Iraqi oil from Kuwait and then any tanker of the Persian Gulf states supporting Iraq.
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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A charismatic religious preacher who emerged into the spotlight during the Iranian Revolution of 1979. He is considered Iran first Supreme Leader and played a significant role in the hostage crisis and Iran-Iraq war
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Mohammed Mossadeq
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was the Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953 when he was removed from power by a coup d'état. The US and UK made plans to depose Mossadeq in the infamous CIA Operation Ajax.
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Hasemi Rafsanjani
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He served as President of Iran from 1989 to 1997. In 2005 he ran for a third term in office, winning the first round of elections but ultimately losing to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the run-off round of the 2005 election.
Rafsanjani is reportedly associated with the Iranian business class and is hostile to Ahmandinejad and the more ideological tendency in the Islamic Republic. He has been described as a pragmatic and conservative, who supports a centrist position domestically and a moderate position internationally, seeking to avoid conflict with the United States |
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Mohammed Khatami
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He served as the fifth President of Iran from August 2, 1997 to August 3, 2005. He also served as Iran's Minister of Culture in both the 1980s and 1990s.
Khatami attracted global attention during his first election to the presidency when, as "a little known cleric, he captured almost 70% of the vote." Khatami had run on a platform of liberalization and reform. During his two terms as president, Khatami advocated freedom of expression, tolerance and civil society, constructive diplomatic relations with other states including those in the European Union and Asia, and an economic policy that supported a free market and foreign investment. |
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Operation Ajax
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The 1953 Iranian coup d’état was the Western-led covert operation that deposed the democratically-elected government of Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq. The coup was organized by the United States' CIA and the United Kingdom's MI6, who aided and abetted anti-Mosaddeq royalists and mutinous Iranian army officers in overthrowing the Prime Minister. Significance=to ensure Western control of Iran's petroleum resources and to prevent the Soviet Union from competing for Iranian oil.
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SAVAK
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Sazeman-e Ettela'at va Amniyat-e Keshvar,** National Intelligence and Security Organization was the domestic security and intelligence service of Iran from 1957 to 1979.** It has been described as Iran's "most hated and feared institution" prior to the revolution of 1979, for its association with the foreign intelligence organizations such as the CIA and its torture and execution of regime opponents.
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White Revolution
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was a far-reaching series of reforms launched in 1963 by the late Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The Shah had intended it to be a non-violent regeneration of Iranian society through economic and social reforms, with the ultimate long-term aim of transforming Iran into a global economic and industrial power. The Shah introduced novel economic concepts such as profit-sharing for industrial workers and initiated massive government-financed heavy industry projects, as well as the nationalization of forests and pastureland.* Most important, however, were the land reform programs which saw the traditional landed elites of Iran lose much of their influence and power.
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Twin Pillars Policy
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(1960s) U.S. policy to promote Iran and Saudi Arabia as local guardians of U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf region.
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Iran Hostage Crisis
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was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981, after a group of Islamist students and militants took over the American embassy in support of the Iranian Revolution. Reasons for the take over include he group's demands that the Shah return to Iran for trial and execution and included that the U.S. government apologize for its interference in the internal affairs of Iran and for the overthrow of Prime Minister Mossadeq.
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Khobar Towers Bombing
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a terrorist attack carried out by Hizballah, on part of a housing complex in the city of Khobar, Saudi Arabia, located near the national oil company (Saudi Aramco) headquarters of Dhahran. In 1996, Khobar Towers was being used to house foreign military personnel.
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Baghdad Pact (1955)
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adopted by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom as part of the intent to create a worldwide chain of anti-Soviet alliances. The pact involved cooperation for security and defence and refraining from any form of interference in internal affairs. The pact which intended to secure the common protection of all the member countries never resulted in actual combat, but it did succeed in keeping the Soviet Union at a distance.
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Osiraq
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was a 40 Mega Watt light-water nuclear materials testing reactor in Iraq. It was constructed by the Iraqi government at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center, 18 km (11 miles) south-east of Baghdad in 1977. It was damaged by an Iranian air strike in 1980 during the Iran–Iraq War, then crippled by Israeli aircraft in 1981 in a surprise attack code-named Operation Opera, to prevent the regime of Saddam Hussein from using the reactor for the creation of nuclear weapons. The facility was completely destroyed by American aircraft during the 1991 Gulf War.
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Nouri al-Maliki
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He started in politics as a Shia dissident under Saddam Hussein's regime in the 1970s and rose to prominence after he fled a death sentence into exile more than 20 years ago. During his time abroad he became a senior leader of Dawa, coordinated the activities of anti-Saddam guerillas and built relationships with Iranian and Syrian officials whose help he sought in overthrowing Hussein.
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Axis of Evil
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In forceful language, Bush set out his Manichaean view of the world as a place where good was locked into a war with evil, and placed Arab states on notice that those that tolerated or encouraged a climate that promoted terror were enemies of the US and would be pursued. In his January 2002 State of the Union address, Bush identified a number of countries (specifically naming Iraq, Iran, and North Korea), as constituting an "axis of evil" and committed the US to "regime change" in those countries.
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Operation Praying Mantis
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an April 18, 1988 attack by U.S. naval forces in retaliation for the Iranian mining of the Persian Gulf and the subsequent damage to an American warship.
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CPA
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established as a transitional government following the invasion of Iraq by the United States, United Kingdom and the other members of the Multinational force in Iraq which was formed to oust the government of Saddam Hussein in 2003. Citing UN Security Council Resolution 1483 (2003), and the laws of war, the CPA vested itself with executive, legislative, and judicial authority over the Iraqi government from the period of the CPA's inception on April 21, 2003, until its dissolution on June 28, 2004.
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Iran Air Flight 655
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was a civilian airliner shot down by US missiles on Sunday 3 July 1988, over the Strait of Hormuz, toward the end of the Iran-Iraq War. According to the US government, the crew mistakenly identified the Iranian Airbus A300 as an attacking F-14 Tomcat fighter. The Iranian government maintained that the Vincennes knowingly shot down a civilian aircraft. The event generated a great deal of controversy and criticism of the US. Some analysts have blamed US military commanders and the captain of the Vincennes for reckless and aggressive behavior in a tense and dangerous environment.
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The Surge
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refers to United States President George W. Bush's 2007 increase in the number of American troops in order to provide security to Baghdad and Al Anbar Province.
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Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1930)
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between the United Kingdom and the British Mandate controlled administration of Iraq, was based upon an earlier Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922 but took into account Iraq's increased importance to British interests given new oil finds made in 1927. The treaty gave the British almost unlimited rights to base military forces in Iraq. It further provided for the unconditional and unlimited right of the British to move troops into or through Iraq.
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Kadima Party
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is a centrist political party in Israel founded by by Sharon after he formally left Likud on 21 November 2005 to establish a new party which would grant him the freedom to carry out his policy of unilateral disengagement plan - removing Israeli settlements from Palestinian territory and fixing Israel's borders with a prospective Palestinian state.
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Oil for Food
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established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986)and terminated in late 2003, was intended to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food, medicine, and other humanitarian needs for ordinary Iraqi citizens without allowing Iraq to rebuild its military.
The programme was introduced by United States President Bill Clinton's administration in 1995, as a response to arguments that ordinary Iraqi citizens were inordinately affected by the international economic sanctions aimed at the demilitarisation of Saddam Hussein's Iraq, imposed in the wake of the first Gulf War. |
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OPEC
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Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is a cartel of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. To add on, it pursues ways and means of ensuring the stabilization of prices in international oil markets with a view to eliminating harmful and unnecessary fluctuations; giving due regard at all times to the interests of the producing nations and to the necessity of securing a steady income to the producing countries; an efficient and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations, and a fair return on their capital to those investing in the petroleum industry.
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Iraqi Revolution (1958)
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The Iraqi coup d’état of 1958 was a military coup responsible for the overthrow of the Iraqi Hashemite monarchy under Faisal II and the regime of Prime Minister Nuri al-Said. The coup ended the Iraqi Hashemite dynasty and usher in the era of the Iraqi Republic, as well as precipitated social and economic reform in the state of Iraq.
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Albright Speech
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As in any diverse society, there are many currents swirling about in Iran. Some are driving
the country forward; others are holding it back. Despite the trend towards democracy, control over the military, judiciary, courts and police remains in unelected hands, and the elements of its foreign policy, about which we are most concerned, have not improved. But the momentum in the direction of internal reform, freedom and openness is growing stronger. |
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Ba'ath Party
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was founded in Damascus in the 1940s by Michel Aflaq, a Syrian intellectual, as the original secular Arab nationalist movement, to unify all Arab countries in one State and to combat Western colonial rule that dominated the Arab region at that time. In Arabic, baʿath means renaissance or resurrection.
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Mohammed Reza Shah
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was the monarch of Iran from 16 September 1941, until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.
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Reza Shah
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was the Shah of Iran from December 15, 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in September 16, 1941. Reza Shah is referred as a progressive dictator by most Iranians. Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch after 1400 years who paid respect to the Jews by praying in the synagogue when visiting the Jewish community of Isfahan; an act that boosted the self-esteem of the Iranian Jews and made Reza Shah their second most respected Iranian leader after Cyrus the Great. Reza Shah's reforms opened new occupations to Jews and allowed them to leave the ghetto
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Hezbollah
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first emerged as a militia in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, also known as Operation Peace for Galilee, in 1982, set on resisting the Israeli occupation of Lebanon during the Lebanese civil war. Hezbollah is now also a major provider of social services, which operate schools, hospitals, and agricultural services for thousands of Lebanese Shiites, and plays a significant force in Lebanese politics. It is regarded as a resistance movement throughout much of the Arab and Muslim world. Many governments, including Arab ones, have condemned actions by Hezbollah while others have praised the party. Six Western countries, including Israel and the United States, list it in whole or in part as terrorist.
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AIOC
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Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) was founded in 1908 following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Iran. It was the first company using the oil reserves of the Middle East. APOC was renamed Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) in 1935 and eventually became the British Petroleum Company (BP) in 1954, as one root of the BP Company today.
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Pasdaran/Revolutionary Guard
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is a branch of Iran's military, founded after Iranian revolution.The foundation of the army was ideologically motivated. The Pásdárán have their own ministry, and are thought to number as many as 120,000 with their own small naval and air units. They also control the Basij volunteer force.
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President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
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is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. He became president on 6 August 2005, after winning the 2005 presidential election. Ahmadinejad became the first president of the Islamic Republic in twenty-four years who was not a religious cleric. He has been a vocal supporter of Iran's nuclear program, and has insisted that it is for peaceful purposes.
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Ayatollah Khamene’i
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is an Iranian politician and cleric. He has been Supreme Leader of Iran since 1989 and before that was president of Iran from 1981 to 1989. He has been described as one of only three people having "defining influences" on the Islamic Republic of Iran
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Iraq Liberation Act
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The Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 is a United States Congressional statement of policy calling for regime change in Iraq.It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton
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Nuri al-Said
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was an Iraqi politician during the British Mandate and the monarchy. He served in various key cabinet positions, and served seven terms as prime minister of Iraq.
From his first appointment as prime minister under the British mandate in 1930, Nuri was a major political figure in Iraq under the monarchy. During his many terms in office, he was involved in some of the key policy decisions that shaped the modern Iraqi state. |
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Tripartite Pact (1950)
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Declaration issued by the United States, Britain, and France guaranteeing borders in Middle Eastern states and their opposition to the use or threat of force
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The Grand Bargain (2003)
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a proposal by Iran to normalize relations with the United States, implement procedures to assure the US it will not develop nuclear weapons, deny any monetary support to Palestinian resistance groups until they agree to stop targeting civilians, support the Arab Peace Initiative, and ensure full transparency to assuage any United States concerns. In return, the Iranians demanded abolition of sanctions and a US statement that Iran does not belong in the so-called "Axis of Evil."
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Six plus Two
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refers to China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan the Russian Federation and the United States, a group of nations bordering and influential in Afghanistan.
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Rushdie Affair
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The Satanic Verses controversy concerns Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses. In particular it involves the novel's alleged blasphemy or unbelief; the 1989 fatwa issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ordering Muslims to kill Rushdie; and the killings, attempted killings, and bombings that resulted from Muslim anger over the novel.
The controversy was notable for being the first time in modern times a government had publicly called for the killing of a private individual in a foreign country; and the first time that a book, or calls for a book's censorship, caused an international diplomatic crisis. |
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Mojahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MEK)
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is a militant Islamic Socialist organization that advocates the overthrow of the Islamic Republic government of Iran.
Founded in 1965, the PMOI was originally devoted to armed struggle against the Shah of Iran, capitalism, and Western imperialism. |
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Israel-Hezbollah War (2006)
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was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israeli military. The conflict started on 12 July 2006, and continued until a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect in the morning on 14 August 2006, though it formally ended on 8 September 2006 when Israel lifted its naval blockade of Lebanon.
The conflict began when Hezbollah militants purposely fired rockets at Israeli border towns as a diversion for an anti-tank missile attack on two armored Humvees patrolling the Israeli side of the border fence |
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Karine A
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January 2002 in which they (Israel) seized Karine A, a Palestinian freighter in the Red Sea. The vessel was found to be carrying 50 tons of weapons, including twelve-mile-range Katyusha rockets, antitank missiles, and high explosives. Iran is assumed to have supplied all of the weapons.
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Annapolis Conference
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was a Middle East peace conference held on November 27, 2007, at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The conference marked the first time a two-state solution was articulated as the mutually agreed-upon outline for addressing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The conference ended with the issuing of a joint statement from all parties.
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