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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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politics
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who gets what , when, and how; a process of determining how power and resources are distributed in a society w/o recourse to violence
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power
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the ability to get other people to do what you want
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resources
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assets and advantages that help us to achieve a desired end
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social order
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the way we organize and live our collective lives
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legitimate
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accepted as "right" or proper
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government
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a system or organization for exercising authority over a body of people
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authority
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power that is recognized as legitimate
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rules
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directives that specify how resources will be distributed or what procedures govern collective activity
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institutions
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organizations in which government power is exercised
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economics
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production and distribution of society's material resources and services
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capitalist economy
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an economic system in which the market determines production, distribution, and price decisions and property is privately owned
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laissez-faire capitalism
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an economic system in which the market makes all decisions and the government plays no role
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regulated capitalism
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a market systemin which the government intervenes to protect rights and make procedural guarantees
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procedural guarantees
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government assurance that the rules will work smoothly and treat everyone fairly, with no promise of particular outcomes
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socialist economy
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an economic system in which the state determines production, distribution, and price decisions and property is government owned
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substantive guarantees
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government assurance of particular outcomes or results
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social democracy
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a hybrid system combining a capitalist economy and a government that supports equality
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authoritarian governments
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systems in which the state holds all power over the social order
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monarchy
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an authoritarian government with power vested in a king or queen
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theocracy
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an authoritarian government that claims to draw its power from divine or religious authority
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fascist government
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an authoritarian government in which policy is made for the ultimate glory of the state
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oligarchy
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rule by a small group of elites
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totalitarian government
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a system in which absolute power is exercised over every aspect of life
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authoritarian capitalism
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a system in which the state allows people economic freedom, but maintains stringent social regulations to limit non economic behavior
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anarchy
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the absence of government and laws
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democracy
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government that vests power in the people
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popular sovereignty
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the concept that the citizens are the ultimate source of political power
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elite democracy
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a theory of democracy that limits the citizens role to choosing among competing leaders
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pluralist democracy
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a theory of democracy that holds that citizen membership in groups is the key to political power
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participatory democracy
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a theory of democracy that holds that citizens should actively and directly control all aspects of their lives
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advanced industrial democracy
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a system in which a democratic government allows citizens a considerable amount of personal freedom and maintains a free-market (still usually regulated) economy
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communist democracy
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a utopian system in which property is communally owned and all decisions are made democratically
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subjects
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individuals who are obliged to submit to a government authority against which they have no rights
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citizens
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members of a political community having both rights and responsibilities
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divine right of kings
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the principle that earthly rulers receive their authority from God
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Protestant Reformation
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the break from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500's by those who believed in direct access to God and salvation by faith
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Enlightenment
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a philosophical movement that emphasized human reason, scientific examination, and industrial progress
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social contract
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the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of rights
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republic
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a government in which decisions are made through representation of the people
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immigrants
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citizens or subjects of one country who move to another country to live or work
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naturalization
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the legal process of acquiring citizenship for someone who has not acquired it by birth
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asylum
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protection or sanctuary especially from political persecution
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refugees
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individuals who flee an area or country because of persecution on the basis of race, nationality, religion group membership, or political opinion
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political culture
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the broad pattern of ideas, beliefs, and values about citizens and government held by a population
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values
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central ideas, principles, or standards that most people agree are important
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normative
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describes beliefs or values about how things should be or what people ought to do rather than what actually is
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procedural guarantees
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government assurance that the rules will work smoothly and treat everyone fairly, with no promise of particular outcomes
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individualism
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belief that what is good for society is based on what is good for individuals
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ideologies
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sets of beliefs about politics and society that help people make sense of their world
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conservative
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people who generally favor limited government and are cautious about change
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liberals
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people who generally favor government action and view change as progress
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economic liberals
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those who favor an expanded government role in the economy but a limited role in the social order
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economic conservatives
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those who favor a strictly procedural government role in the economy and the social order
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libertarians
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those who favor a minimal government role in any sphere
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social liberals
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those who favor greater control of the economy and the social order to bring about greater equality and to regulate the effects of progress
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communitarians
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those who favor a strong substantive government role in the economy and the social order in order to realize their vision of a community of equals
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social conservatives
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those who endorse limited government control of the economy but considerable government intervention to realize a traditional social order; based on religious values and hierarchy rather than equality
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feudalism
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a social system based on a rigid social and political hierarchy based on the ownership of land
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Puritans
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a Protestant religious sect that sought to reform the Church of England in the 16th and 17th centuries
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slavery
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the ownership, for forced labor, of one people by another
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French and Indian War
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a war fought between France and England, and allied Indians, from 1754 to 1763; resulted in France's expulsion from the New World
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popular sovereignty
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the concept that the citizens are the ultimate source of political power
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"Common Sense"
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1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine that persuaded many Americans to support the Revolutionary cause
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Declaration of Independence
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the political document that dissolved the colonial ties between the U.S. and Britain
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Constitution
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the rules that establish a government
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Articles of Confederation
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the first constitution of the U.S. creating an association of states with weak central government
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Confederation
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a government in which independent states unite for common purpose, but retain their own sovereignty
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popular tyranny
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the unrestrained power of the people
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Shay's Rebellion
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a grassroots uprising by armed Massachusetts farmers protesting foreclosures
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Constitutional Convention
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the assembly of the 55 delegates in the summer of 1787 to recast the articles of confederation ; the result was the U.S. Constitution
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federalism
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a political system in which power is divided between the central and regional units
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Federalists
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supporters of the Constitution who favored a strong central government
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Anti- Federalists
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advocates of states' rights who opposed the Constitution
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Virginia Plan
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a proposal at the Constitutional Convention that congressional representation be based on population, thus favoring the large states
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New Jersey Plan
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a proposal at the Constitutional Convention that congressional representation be equal, thus favoring the small states
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Great Compromise
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the constitutional solution to congressional representation equal votes in the Senate, votes by population in the House
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3/5 Compromise
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the formula for counting five slaves as three people for purposes of representation that reconciled northern and southern factions at the Constitutional Convention
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ratification
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the process through which a proposal is formally approved and adopted by vote
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The Federalist Papers
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a series of essays written in support of the Constitution to build support for its ratification
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factions
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groups of citizens united by some common passion or interest and opposed to the rights of other citizens or to the interests of the whole community
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Bill of Rights
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a summary of citizen rights guaranteed and protected by a government; added to the constitution as its first ten amendments in order to achieve ratification
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