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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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political economy of communications
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interrelationships existing among a society’s political, economic, and communications systems.
• Example: Rupert Murdoch and margarte thatcher, he wasn;t allowed to own a certain amount of companies so he helped her win her campaign as prime minister so she in turn passed a law so he could own more (time magazine and daily times) |
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political
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system of institutions and organizations. Concerned with the governance of a society. Deals with problems of sovereignty and justice.
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economy
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system of institutions and organizations concerned with allocation of resources and distribution of output.
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communication
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system of institutions and organizations concerned with the production and distribution of knowledge
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organization
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- a group of people who interact for the achievement of some common purpose.
• Political orgs- supreme court, republican/democratic parties, school boards, police depts., etc. • Economic orgs- general motors, Neiman Marcus, united airlines, etc. • Communication orgs- CBS, McGraw Hill, MGM, the Newspaper Guild, etc. |
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institution
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cope with some problems of existence). They are also rules that tell us how to behave, which can be learned through enculturation.
• Banks, hospitals, colleges, media firms. Economy is necessary because resources are scarce and finite. “Alternative cost” or “opportunity cost” (in other worlds, “guns or butter”) |
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public good
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goods that everyone can enjoy in common. Each individual’s consumption of a good doesn’t lead to less/more consumption of that good for someone else. (Everyone can enjoy Central Park or the Air & Space Museum)
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conspiracy theory
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1. Claims that a particular group acted outside of usual norms in rogue and generally secretive fashion
2. Disregards the structural features of institutions 3. It is a hypothesis that some events were caused by the intractable secret machinations of undemocratic individuals 4. Who did what, when, and for what reason 5. EX: 9/11, that moon landings didn’t actually happen, JFK assassination |
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institutional theory
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1. Claims that normal operations of some institutions generate the behaviors and motivations leading to the events in question
2. Addresses personalities, personal interests, personal timetables, and meetings as facts about the events needing explanation, not as explanations themselves 1. Why did they do it? Not just a crazy idea --All things that needed explaining are evidence, but are not the entire explanation 3. Looks at how society works 4. Does target people directly; always moves higher up to institution as a whole 1. Theres behind the big five—societal and economic facotrs 1. They decided to work together so they can all win and have massive amounts of money instead of trying to compete and put eachother out of business |
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consciousness industry
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approach which stresses that the media are principally ideological institutions
-dedicated to making the big business who own them happy, only produce content that will be good for the big business -ex: in an oil crisis what happens if media tied with oil companies will they produce the right view of the news? -those at the top want to keep the wealth and those at the bottom want to resist it -Media outlets are tied to other industries, giving them stake in political economy ex: interlocking ownership, interlocking board of directors, trade associations (firms and industry combine to further interests, companies coming together to help each other) **how media function and how they maintain the current social structure*** |
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culture industry approach
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approach stresses the expansion of the commodity, culture, has little to do with ideology
-more willing to compromise information in order to get the profits and ratings to please audiences but in turn it distracts the audience from -culture as a commodity-selling the casey Anthony trial, the royal trial -programs have to deliver the right state of mind |
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recombient culture
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repeating things that people know will sell (reality shows, remakng movies and making a ton of seasons of shows)
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ruling class
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Have a disproportionate amount of wealth and income. Money, power, and other privileges such as health, education, happiness, longevity of life, etc. Control major economic institutions and dominate the government process.
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power elite
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operating arm” or “leadership group” of the ruling class. Made up of active working members of the upper class and high-level employees in institutions controlled by members of the upper class. (CEO’s, execs, etc)
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4 processes
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policy planning, canidate selection process,special interest groups, idelology process
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policy planning
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has to do with the development and implementation of general policies that are important to the interests of the ruling class as a whole
• bring together groups of members of the power elite from all over the country to discuss general problems (overseas aid, use of nuclear weapons, tax problems) • provide a setting in which differences on various issues can be thrashed out and the opinions of various leaders can be heard • encourages general dialogue with the power elite by means of luncheons, speeches etc • groups like these planned the framework for social security, capital labor détente etc • provide a setting wherein members of the power elite can familiarize themselves with general issues • provide a setting where conflicts within power elite can be discussed and compromised • provide a setting wherein members of the power elite can hear the ideas and findings of their hired experts • provide a training group for new leadership within the ruling • provide framework for commissionined studies • through such avenues such as books, journals, policy statements they can greatly influence “climate of opinion” both in Washington and the country • shows that businessmen are more concerned with special interests then business interests • shows that leaders from various sectors of the economy do get together to discuss the problems as a whole • suggests that members of the power elite who are appointed to government are equipped with a general issue orientation gained from power elite organizations • reveals that the upper/middle class experts thought by some to be our real rulers are in fact busily dispensing their advice to those who hire them |
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special interest groups
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has to do with the various means utilized by wealthy individuals, specific corporations, and specific sectors of the economy to satisfy their narrow short-run needs. Means by which corps, business sectors and individuals get tax breaks, subsidies, legislations, procedural rulings which are beneficial to their short-run interests. This is the world of lobbyists, super-lawyers, trade associations, advisory committees to governmental departments and agencies
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candidate selection process
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has to do with the ways in which members of the ruling class insure that they have “access” to the politicians who are elected to office. Highlights the role of the power elite in candidate selection and recruitment especially in the role of wealth & securing power.
- (Politicians tend to come from the higher end of the social ladder and it seems that wealth is crucial in the nomination phase of the process.) The use of public funding, PACs, Super PACs, and bundlers help politicians raise money for campaigns. - Problem with this is if you can afford to donate money on a candidate, your interests/opinions are better represented. Without money your interests cant be met. |
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ideology process
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has to do with the formation, dissemination, and enforcement of attitudes and assumptions, which permit the continued existence of policies and politicians favorable to the wealth, income, status, and privileges of members of the ruling class.
- Gaining consent of the ruled class’s worldview. - Ruling class practicing consciousness. - Done through: • Think tanks • Discussion groups • PR firms/ad agencies • Media |
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sacred cow
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friends of news media who get special treatment in the news, who are immune to criticism, who can keep out embarrassing information or who are guaranteed a positive image
• Owner, owners family/friends, major advertisers, and the owners political causes • In one northeastern city the sacred cow is a bead of flowers donated by the publishers spouse • In another city it was ordered that any pictures of Richard Nixon must show him smiling |
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5 filters
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ownership, advertising, newsmakers, news shapers, flak
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ownership
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the owners of the actual media companies are more conservative which effects views portrayed in media
• Economic policies-businesses make money so the content will reflect that |
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advertising
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-advertisers demand and support programming, have an effect on type of content
• Ex: chrystler has lists of things they don’t want their content next to so its likely that content won’t be there • Ex: tobacco industry refused to have ads in magazines that had articles about risks of smoking |
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news makers
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the primary people to find the news, who defines the news,--anyone that provides a steady stream of news that’s credible
• ex: the white house, crime, public officials (think of beats) • journalists are not supposed to have an opinion, who do you go to for information • think tanks-those people are the experts and they get to frame the news |
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FLAK
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negative feedback can come from 3 main sources:
• Government, business, and media monitoring groups (fairness and accuracy reporting which is funded by subscribers) |
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news shapers
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o using experts to give influence because as a journalist you’re supposed to be biased---influence the views
• Corresponds to talk about a topic |
