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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Political Economy? |
A scholarly approach interested in how economic structures are political. |
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Political Economy examines how.. |
trade and production are intertwined with law, government, and key decision about how to organised society |
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What is the Propganda Model? |
A model conceputalised by Herman and Chomsky (1988) which explains how propaganda and systemic biases function in the mass media |
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Herman and Chomsky (1988) argue that the media serve and propagandised on behalf of... |
the powerful societal interests that control and finance the media |
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What are the 5 filters that shape media content? |
1. Ownership 2. Sourcing 3. Advertising 4. Flak 5. Ideology |
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Define the filter of OWNERSHIP |
The size and profit-seeking imperative of dominant media corporations create a bias |
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What are the four main concerns of OWNERSHIP? |
1. Media conglomerates are run for profit, thus, have commodified their audiences 2. Lack of criticism of the free market due to the fact that it is the source of their material wealth 3) Direct owner influence on content e.g Rupert Murdoch 4) Conglomerates have tremendous power over influencing human thinking and decisions (Pedro, 2011) |
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The number of dominant media corporations have dropped from __ in ____ to ___ in _____ (Bagdikian, 2004) |
50 in 1984 5 in 2004 (Bagdikian, 2004) |
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Name the "Big 5" corporations which collectively handle majority of the world's mass media |
Disney, Bertelsmann, Viacom, Time Warner, and News Corporation |
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Explain how the filter of "SOURCING" works |
Media companies are drawn into a symbiotic relationship with information sources due to an economic necessity and reciprocity of interest. |
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Why do media companies rely on sources? |
Media companies live off of a steady flow of information and cannot afford journalists stationed everywhere a story might occur. Therefore, relationships with corporate sources are formed. |
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How do sources operate? What are the advantages for them? |
They provide media companies with large amounts of raw material that are considered news worthy and credible. In return, media companies are given "special access" to media routines, often trusted to help manage the flow of information. |
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What are the concerns that come with media companies relying so heavily on sources? |
Herman and Chomsky (1988) argue that powerful sources often take advantage of the flow information by manipulating media routines and following a special framework that serves their own interests, and suppressing information that doesn't. |
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Explain why corporate sources manipulating information is such a concern |
The media are denied autonomy in the information that they disperse. Due to their dependency on corporate sources, they are unable to criticise them or question their actions in fear of damaging their synergistic relationship. |
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Briefly discuss the 1996 TWA FLIGHT 800 crash, and how the filter of sourcing affected it news coverage |
In 1996, the TWA Flight 800 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near Long Beach in the U.S. All 230 people died on board. The FBI and U.S Navy investigated the crash and shortly after, reported the crash was due to "mechanical failure". The CIA disemminated a short animation to be aired on prime time news channels, showing what had happened to the plane. This is despite numerous witnesses reporting they saw a launched projectile hitting the plane Major CBS journalist Kristina Borgesson, claims that any journalist who dared question the FBI's finding were immediately taken off of the story. In her own investigation, she found remnants of the plane's seat cloth that suggested missile residue, but CBS officials handed the evidence over to the FBI before she could get it re-tested. (Tremblay, 2012) |
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Explain what the TWA Flight 800 coverage shows about sourcing |
There are many black holes in journalism that you are not allowed to cover. Instead, media companies will protect their own economic interests, which are tied into the agendas being set by powerful media companies |
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Explain how ADVERTISING affects media content |
Media corporations rely on advertisers to finance them and ensure the growth of their media outlets. This makes it difficult for media to question advertiser's interests and activities. |
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Media content must conform to... |
whatever sponsorts are looking for in an outlet to advertise their products |
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What happens when media content conforms for advertisers? |
Content becomes totally commercialised. There is more "infotainment" and less hard news (Bordieau, 1996) |
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Commercialisation is due to a need to... |
reach audience with purchasing power, keeping audiences in a buying mood |
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Advertisers will avoid sponsoring products that engage in.. |
criticising corporate activities such as poverty, worker exploitation, and environmental degradation. This is due to the need to maintain their reputation in the business world, and avoiding depressing potential customers. |
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Advertising pressures have fostered an environment in which... |
the necessary public sphere has been diminished and replaced by a commercial logic and economic reproduction (Pedro, 2011) |
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Dominant Ideology is... |
the ideological status quo that corporate media seek to uphold |
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Corporate media will discredit... |
any opposing voices which diverge from the elite view |
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Dominant media companies and their powerful sources can promote a bias through... |
production models that legitimise their domination. |
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Ideology of Bush Administration post 9/11 |
The New York times helped to promote the Bush Administration's "common" enemy ideology through their coverage of Bush's military complex and his justification to go to war in Iraq post 9/11/ NYT helped to placate this military complex by publishing extremely limited debates which never went against the military complex and were always pro-war. Randall and Broughel (2003) found that 2003 media coverage of the Iraq War in the US was 71% pro war, and only 3% anti-war. |
