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26 Cards in this Set
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Second Treatise of Civil Government |
Book written by Locke in support of the Glorious Revolution. During religious unease, Protestants won and the English Bill of Rights was signed. Locke says that natural law exists and comes from natural rights and we give up some of the natural rights to enter society. Government exist for the people's benefit and should be replaced as needed. |
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John Rawls |
Neoliberalist: favours free-market capitalism
Says humans are self-interested rational agents, and would thus want maximum liberty and equal opportunity in a State of Nature.
Liberty principle (max freedom for everyone) and Difference principle (even the poorest are okay) |
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Liberty Principle |
Mill's response to the tyranny of society: advocates max liberty as long as there's no harm to others. Creates happiness due to individual self-realization. For Mill, liberty is only a means to improvement. |
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Feminism |
A 'new' ideology that began in the late 1800s during the French and American revolutions. Arrived in Britain much later. |
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Ideology |
Sets of related, generally consistent, ideas and beliefs. Can be descriptive and normative. Developed by images, to attitudes, to values, to beliefs. Examples include liberalism, conservatism, capitalism. |
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Representative Democracy |
The evolution of original Greek democracy, characterized by frequent elections, representatives judicial independence. Differs from direct democracy in that representatives are given power rather than everyone making decisions together (contrast with general will). |
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Marx's Critique of Capitalism |
His view stemmed from the industrial revolution and the founding of socialism (the objection to poverty and greed).
Capitalism causes alienation from the product, in productive activity, from species, from other humans.
Eventually, the proletariat will revolt resulting in communism. |
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Edmund Burke |
British politician, conservative. Believed that humans are all interconnected, woven into society/culture. Influenced by French Revolution, found that freedom could be dangerous. Supported gradual reform, natural aristocracy, private property, local powers. |
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Property Rights |
John Locke's necessities for natural law, it results in survival, labour-mixing, value-added, argument from desert. Nozick, a liberalist, argued for the protection of private property. |
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Industrial Revolution |
Resulted in horrible conditions for the poor. Herbert Spencer said that governments should do nothing to protect the poor. TH Green promotes the welfare state as it provides maximum liberty. Socialist response was against capitalism, it turns humans greedy; all economic activity should be publicly controlled. |
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Natural Rights |
John Locke's idea of natural rights flow from natural law. They are moral truths and require life, liberty, and property to be followed. Bentham and Burke disagree: there's no such thing, could be abused |
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Fascism |
A far-right ideology. Challenges the Enlightenment (idea that reason could remove evils of Europe). Based upon three ideas: nationalism, elitism, irrationalism. Examples include Mussolini, Hitler. |
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State of Nature |
Hypothetical state w/no government. Hobbes, in 'Leviathan' said it would be brutish and short, with constant conflict due to greed for power, safety, and glory. Locke said that it would be alright as long as natural law would be upheld through life, liberty, and property. Constant conflict would not occur because it's not beneficial to us. Rousseau (optimistic) said that humans are naturally optimistic, even if they prioritize self-preservation. Entrance into society corrupts man, the state of nature would be pure. |
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Peace of Westphalia |
Series of peace treaties ending the thirty and eighty year wars, establishing the concept of co-existing states. Principles: all states are equal, law making processes are each individual states' jurisdiction, tolerance for other religions is a must. Promoted liberty as it challenged the Church. |
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Utilitarianism |
Jeremy Bentham; moral truth of an action is one that maximizes utility and minimizes cost. Principles: laws should contribute to human happiness, should be obeyed unless a disaster occurs, and should be repealed and replaced as needed. |
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Nationalism |
One of the principles in Facism; a affinity and pride for one's country. Extreme nationalism results in superiority over others. Mussolini made life meaningless unless it was in service of the state. |
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Glorious Revolution |
Overthrow of James II by his daughter, the English Bill of Rights is signed; limiting the power of the Monarchy.
Inspired Locke to write his 'Second Treatise of Civil Government', in which he supports the civil state, as well as the consent of citizens to be governed, and equal rights. |
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General Will |
Rousseau's thoughts on democracy and equality revolve around general will - the morally correct outcome. He believed the general will would emerge and be promoted in large assemblies, through education, and the elimination of social classes and political parties. Ideal society: general will shapes the law and is willed by all citizens. Handing over will to a government lacks liberty. |
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Direct Democracy |
Evolved into Athenian democracy practiced in Greece and outlined by Aristotle. It is simply people voting on each policy directly. Athenian principles: equal rule, everyone must attend and participate in meetings, anyone can be governor or juror, no property qualifications. Contrast with representative democracy. |
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Thomas Hobbes |
Wrote 'Leviathan', described the state of nature as solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Constant conflict would exist because of greed for power, safety, and glory. A stark supporter for the State, humans aren't evil, but the lack of a state makes them so. |
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Vanguard Party |
Group of people leading the way to a new development. Vladimir Lenin believed that a Vanguard Party was needed for the Russian revolution. It is the basis of communist revolution; Stalin was the individual vanguard himself. End purpose: revolution to create a dictatorship supported by the working class. |
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Plato's Republic |
Dialogues between Socrates and others. Described his model society of producers, auxiliaries, and guardians. Elitist; believed that power should reside in the hands of 'qualified' persons, disagreed with democracy. Used the craft analogy (the town or the doctor). |
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Jean Jacques Rousseau |
Democracy protects freedom and equality. Put forth the idea of general will and believed in direct democracy to support it. A restricted government can execute the laws put forth by the people. Because general will is everyone's will, everyone remains free. |
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The State |
Overarching body that has a monopoly on legitimate violence according to Max Weber. We must justify the state because it limits our freedom. Social contract: we benefit from it/tacit consent Utilitarianism: it is most efficient, so we must support it |
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The Market |
Capitalism: individual property rights, profit driven, goods exchanged in a market, free/open market. Planned Economy: state controls property, production of goods is not for profit, goods distributed by government, no free competition. |
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Revisionist Marxism |
A Critique of traditional Marxism/Socialism following Marx's death.
Eduard Bernstein defined: Moral critique - ends do not justify means, communism is just as bad as capitalism.
Political critique - the state could be controlled and be an ally for the working class
Economic critique - money would not just end up in the hands of capitalists, the working class would be better off overall |
