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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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XYZ Affair
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John Adams sent representatives to work out a new treaty with France. Talks were ruined when three French diplomats - X, Y, & Z - tried to bribe the US to the tune of 12 million dollars. When it was reported in the US, it outraged the Federalists (Adam's party) and became known as the XYZ Affair and led to the "Quasi War" from 1798-1800
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Quasi War
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"Undeclared Naval Conflict" with France following the XYZ Affair. Lasted from 1798-1800 when they signed a new treaty.
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Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798
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Three - Alien Enemies, Alien, and Naturalization Acts were aimed at giving the President power to crack down on foreigners who were perceived to be a threat to national security. The fourth, The Sedition Act, made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, or malicious writing" against the government. It was allowed to expire in 1801, and Jefferson pardoned all who had been convicted under it.
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Sedition Act
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1918 - partly because of the US involvement in WWI, but also in response to concerns about communism. The act prohibited publishing any criticism of the government, the flag, the Constitution, or the war effort. It was officially repealed in 1921.
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The Smith Act
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When it looked like the US might become involved in WWII, Congress passed The Smith Act, which made it a crime to publish anything that advocated the overthrow of the government. It was usually used to convict communist activists. It hasn't been used to prosecute anyone since the 1950s, but it's technically still on the books.
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Dennis vs. United States
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In this case, the Supreme Court found that the convictions of eleven communist leaders were constitutional, based on the presence of "a clear and present danger" to the security of the US.
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Yates vs. United States
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In this case, the Supreme Court distinguished between the dissemination of ideas meant to inform and those meant to entice.
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Walter Cronkite
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CBS news anchor, once called "The most trusted man in America" - once he said the Vietnam war was un-winnable, many people who had supported the war turned against it
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Gulf War
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Bush I wanted to avoid all of the media coverage that had occurred during Vietnam, so he greatly limited the access journalists had to information - most came from briefings from the Defense Department. This looked really bad for him during his re-election campaign.
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Embedding
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This is the idea of placing journalists with military units during war time so that people think the press is being granted more freedom.
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Victoria Clarke
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Assistant secretary of defense for public affairs - thought up the idea of "embedding" journalists
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Voluntary prior restraint
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This is when a form of press holds back a story voluntarily (sometimes at the request of the government) in order to protect the persons involved.
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Gitlow Vs. New York
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1925 - until then, the Bill of Rights was seen as something to enforce on a federal level, not state level. The Supreme Court said in the majority opinion that the state could not regulate Gitlow's right to make statements that didn't advocate violence.
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Selective Incorporation
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Practice in which the Bill of Rights were applied to the states as well as the federal government.
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Barron Vs. Baltimore
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1833 - The Supreme Court said then that the Bill of Rights was a limit only to the federal Government.
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Fourteenth Amendment
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Passed after the civil war - was intended to stop states from violating civil rights. Took a few decades to kick in - spurred by Gitlow vs. New York.
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Near Vs. Minnesota
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1931 - the prior restraint of a publication was declared unconstitutional, but the Court said that prior restraint could be used in extreme circumstances such as wartime or as an incitement to violence.
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Pentagon Papers
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1971 - The New York Times and The Washington Post wanted to publish papers showing that the government had lied to people about Vietnam. The government tried to stop them, but couldn't justify prior restraint, as the information was several years old and wouldn't put anyone in harms way by being released.
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The Progressive
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1979 - Federal district court issued an injunction against the magazine to prevent them from publishing how to make a hydrogen bomb. Someone else released the information before the case went to court, so the government dropped it - so we never got to see how the Court would have ruled.
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Department of Commerce
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First government agency to be in charge of regulating the broadcast industry - eventually stopped by a lawsuit and replaced by the Radio Act of 1927
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Herbert Hoover
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When Secretary of Commerce in the mid-1920s, he argued that radio should have more restrictions than print media.
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National Association of Broadcasters
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Established by broadcasters to be a watchdog organization for their own industry.
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formal code of ethics
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Adopted by the National Association of Broadcasters to ensure the government felt no need to regulate broadcast media.
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Radio Act of 1927
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Allocated more frequencies to broadcasters, reassigned stations that were too close geographically to different frequencies, and created the Federal Radio Commision
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Communications Act of 1934
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Created the Federal Communications Commission to replace the FRC. Controlled radio, but also had control over telephone and telegraph communication, with authority to grant licenses and renewals.
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Reagan Administration
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Pushed for a more limited governmental role in the regulation of business - helped spur on the deregulation efforts started by the Carter Administration
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Ownership Limits
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Imposed by the FCC to keep there from being too much of the broadcast media owned by one person or organization
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cross-ownership
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Owning more than one form of media in a media market - currently can't own a broadcast station and print media source, but can own one each of TV & Radio
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Media Market
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Geographic region served by a form of media
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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Required the FCC to make sure the ownership rules were necessary in the public interest as a result of competition. In 2003, the FCC suggested further deregulation which has since been dropped due to a federal court issuing an injunction.
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citizen's groups
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Opposed the deregulation proposed by the FCC in 2003, afraid it would reduce the number of viewpoints available.
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Broadcasters
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Wholeheartedly supported the deregulation proposed in 2003 - calling it good business.
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libel
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Anything printed or broadcast that is untrue and damaging to a person's reputation.
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New York Times Vs. Sullivan
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Determined that any "public officials" - anyone in goverment - had to prove intent to cause harm on the part of the press.
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public officials
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anyone in government
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public figures
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people who, for whatever reason, are widely known
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Gen. William Westmoreland
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Sued CBS for saying that he had deceived officials during the Vietnam War. However, he couldn't prove they'd intentionally tried to hurt his reputation, and he dropped the case eventually.
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Joseph Wilson
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Was sent to find evidence of Iraq buying nuclear fuel from Niger, but found no evidence. When he contradicted the government stance, it was leaked his wife was a CIA agent.
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Patrick Fitzgerald
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Special prosecutor assigned to figure out who leaked the information on Valerie Plame Wilson being a CIA Agent.
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Matthew Cooper
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Worked for Time Magazine, and when he was subpoenaed by Patrick Fitzgerald for information on the Plame case, he and Time released his notes, citing it's obligations to stock holders
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Judith Miller
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Worked for the New York Times - spent several weeks in jail for refusing to release notes under subpoena before Lewis Libby said she could release his name as her source.
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Lewis Libby
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VP's chief of staff - gave information about Valerie Plame Wilson to Judith Miller.
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World Press Freedom Index
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Compiled every year by "Reporters Without Borders" - a watch dog group. The US fell from 22nd in 2004 to 44th in 2005.
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economic freedom
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The broad principle on which US private ownership is based, perceived as advantageous to democracy, because it allows for the exchange of ideas.
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