Policy Exam 1

Front 1

A system where local governments are subdivisions of a national entity.

Back 1

Unitary System

Front 2

A system where all governments on all levels have power, authority, independence and protection under the law

Back 2

Federalism

Front 3

Purpose of Federalism

Back 3

(1) Avoids domination by a powerful faction.
(2) Constrains the power of public officers and institutions.
(3) Provides checks and balances.

Front 4

Did the founder of the U.S. want a weak government, all powerful government or a confederation of states?

Back 4

Powerful; but also a system where states retained their own rights that could not be violated by the nation government, as outlined by the constitution.

Front 5

The physical structures and facilities that are developed or acquired by public agencies to house governmental functions provide water, power, waste disposal, transportation, and similar services, and are managed by experienced, intelligent, dedicated professionals to facilitate and ensure continuously better service to the public

Back 5

Public Works

Front 6

Why does public works maintenance get neglected?

Back 6

(1) Federal programs encourage new construction.
(2) Deferred maintenance of hidden systems.
(3) Balancing fiscal tradeoffs.
(4) Lack of political payoff.

Front 7

Indispensable public works that are the systems and facilities which ensure the health, safety and convenience of citizens.

Back 7

urban infrastructure systems

Front 8

Federally influenced deferred maintenance

Back 8

Federal government would only fund the construction of new maintenance systems. Maintenance of infrastructure was considered the responsibility of local governments.

Front 9

Deferral of maintenance of hidden systems

Back 9

Many infrastructure systems are hidden from sight or underground, so issues are not noticed until something stops working. It is assumed that if the service is being received, the infrastructure is adequate.

Front 10

Balancing financial trade-offs

Back 10

During times of fiscal austerity, politicians put off scheduled maintenance and use the money for other services that citizens can "see." They bet on the system not failing during their term.

Front 11

Lack of political payoff

Back 11

Politicians and other professional administrators like to be associated with activities which indicate growth, such as creating buildings and parks, etc. Public works maintenance is not considered a priority.

Front 12

Maintenance Strategies

Back 12

Repair, Rehabilitation and Replacement

Front 13

Exclusive goods

Back 13

Consumer can be excluded from access to the good until certain conditions are met.

Front 14

Consumption

Back 14

Whether more than one person can consume the good without diminishing the quality of the good.

Front 15

Private goods

Back 15

Those goods which are individually consumed and exclusion is entirely feasible

Front 16

Toll Goods

Back 16

Consumed jointly and exclusion is feasible.

Front 17

Common pool goods

Back 17

Individually consumed, exclusion is impossible.

Front 18

Collective goods

Back 18

Jointly consumed and exclusion is infeasible.

Front 19

Arrangers

Back 19

Organize and ensure service is delivered

Front 20

Producers

Back 20

Directly supply the service

Front 21

Consumers

Back 21

Receive/use the service

Front 22

Governmental service delivery

Back 22

Government acts as both arranger and producer

Front 23

Inter-governmental agreement

Back 23

When a city arranges for another unit of government to deliver services to its citizens

Front 24

Contracting

Back 24

When government acts as an arranger and a private company is contracted as a producer

Front 25

Franchising

Back 25

Awarding of monopoly privileges to a firm to provide a service

Front 26

Vouchers

Back 26

Provide subsidies directly to the consumer, allowing them free choice of their service vendors

Front 27

Coproduction/coprovision

Back 27

When citizens become directly involved with the provision of a good or service.

Front 28

Self-service

Back 28

When citizens take responsibility for most aspects of service delivery.

Front 29

Equality vs. Equity

Back 29

Equality is concerned with inputs and providing an equal number of input in each area. Equity is concerned with equality of outputs.

Front 30

Bill of Rights

Back 30

Protects the right of individuals

Front 31

Commerce Clause

Back 31

“[The Congress shall have Power] To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes;”

Front 32

Supremacy Clause

Back 32

“This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.”

Front 33

Necessary and Proper Clause

Back 33

“The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.”

Front 34

Dillon's Rule

Back 34

Courts traditionally rule against cities because states possess almost complete power over cities. Used for interpreting state law and deciding whether a local government has a certain power.

Front 35

Forms of local government

Back 35

1) Mayor-Council
2) Council-Manager
3) Commission

Front 36

Mayor-Council Government

Back 36

Mayor and city council elected independently; Mayor has power to appoint department heads.

Front 37

Council-Manager

Back 37

Council is elected, who appoints a city manager, who appoints department heads. Mayor has very limited power.

Front 38

Commission Form

Back 38

Voters elect a small number of commissioners who play a dual role as legislators and executives in their specific departments.

Front 39

Incorporation

Back 39

Creates another local government, increasing fragmentation.

Front 40

Annexation

Back 40

Results in political integration; requires boundary changes.

Front 41

U.S. Suburb Types

Back 41

1. Aggressive 2. Regulatory 3. Cooperative 4. Retentive 5. Reactive 6. Antidevelopment

Front 42

Aggressive Suburb

Back 42

Aggressively compete for business and industrial activities

Front 43

Regulatory Suburb

Back 43

Adhere to regulations believed to be in public interest and are more important than development.

Front 44

Cooperative

Back 44

Moderately prodevelopement

Front 45

Retentive

Back 45

Want to retain existing business

Front 46

Reactive

Back 46

React case by case to economic development.

Front 47

Anti development

Back 47

Oppose development