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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Backbone of Policing"
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Patrolling
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Three Functions of Patrol
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1) Deter
2) Enhance feelings of public safety 3) Officer service |
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Number of Sworn Officers and Police/Population Ratio
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Traditional measure of level of police protection in community; 2.6 Officers per 1,000 Population (Nat'l Avg); More police doesn't mean lower crime; High crime rates in cities often have more officers involved.
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Allocation of Police to Patrol
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50%-80% of departments assign officers to patrol.
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Distribution of Patrol Officers
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-Based on work load
-Highest calls at night |
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Poor Neighborhoods
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-Receives disproportionate calls for police
-Very high crime rates -Small umber of citizens are extremely high consumers of police services -Focus on HOT SPOTS |
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Automobile Patrol
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-Most cost effective
-84% departments use this in the U.S. -More coverage in selected area |
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Foot Patrol
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-5% departments use this
-Community relations / Proactive -Cannot cover most area |
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(3) Departmental Styles of Policing
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1) Individual = officer-initiated
2) Supervisory = level of activity can be shaped 3) Organizational = watchmen, peacekeeping, agressive crime-fighting, service to community |
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(3) JQW's Organizational Styles
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1) Watchmen - peacekeeping
2) Legalistic - aggressive crime-fighting 3) Service - responsive community expectations |
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Communication Center
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911 Communications; Discretionary decisions; Dispatchers communicate patrols to scene.
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(3) Types of Calls for Service
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1) Order/Maintenance = MOST COMMON
2) Law Enforcement = small violent crime; vast majority are property crimes or conflicts between people 3) Low Income = users are most common to use police services |
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Use of Patrol Time
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- Evading duty
- High-speed pursuits; major problem with the use of discretion |
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Response Times
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-Increased prob. of arrests
-Increased public satisfaction -Has little effect on clearance rates |
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(4) Four Types of Response Times
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1) Discovery= commision and discovery of crime
2) Reporting= discovery and call for police 3) Processing= call for police and dispatch 4) Travel= length of time it takes to arrive at scene |
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Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment
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-Does random patrol prevent crime?
-Is public fear diminished by police presence? |
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(3) Types of Beats
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1) REACTIVE = respond when called
2) PROACTIVE = assigned 3x's more officers 3) CONTROL = same patrol as always |
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K.C. Preventative Patrol Findings
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-PREVENTATIVE patrol not effective
-No overall difference in crime -No overall difference in citizen safety feelings -No changes in behavior or lifestyles -Variations did not affect attitudes toward police Encouraged police admins to review traditional methods of patrol |
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Newark Foot Patrol Experiment
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Does foot patrol have a different effect on crime and public attitude?
-Additional foot patrol DID NOT reduce serious crime -DID reduce fear of crime, MORE positive attitudes toward police |
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Directed Patrol
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-Defined priorities for patrol
-Proactive use of patrol time -Crime analysis -No routine calls during this time -SPLIT-FORCE PATROL; one section use directed activities; another uses routine calls. |
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Differential Response to Calls
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Traditional= send officer to calls
-First call gets first response -Treat all calls equal -"National Institute of Justice Study" = developed non-traditional responses. |
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311 Non-Emergency
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-Minor incidents
-Crimes not in progress -Dead animals -Rodent problems -Traffic Sign problems -Graffiti, sanitation, non-emergency -Did not really reduce workload for officers; officers were still dispatched. |
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Reverse 911
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-Police call citizens
-Identify telephone numbers in that area and call residents |
