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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Def of Policing |
The act of cleaning up |
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Greek root policing & Def |
"Polis", aka 'The State' |
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Limit of the Power of Peace officers |
Only have police powers while in office |
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What Commission removed the intel gathering portion of the RCMP? |
The McDonald Commision
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What events led to the McDonald Commision (which removed the intel gathering portion of the RCMP)? |
When the broke into the PLQ (Nonviolent protest group) during the October Crisis (when wartime act was implimented in response to FLQ bombing campaigns) |
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Crim Code Section 56 |
Makes it a crime for an RCMP officer to desert of for an individual to aid or convince a RCMP officer to desert their post |
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Liberal Function of Police |
Peace, Service, fighting crime |
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Conservative Ft'n Police |
Riot Control and order maintence
Prevail. 19th and early 20th C |
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Marxist Ft'n of Police |
Moral enforcement (Whose morals) & Class control |
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Potential Roles of Police |
Apprehending criminals and attending court proceedings Crime control and decreasing oppurtunities for crime Aid ind'v in danger Protect Constitution Resolve Conflict Preserve civil order and maintain sense of security Provide other services on an emergency basis (traffic control) Ident potential problems (via INTELLIGENCE GATHERING) |
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EDP |
Emotionally Disturbed Person |
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Who Police calls if they can't deal w Situation |
Military |
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Canadian Charter R + F 7 |
right to Freedom, except which violates the law |
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CCRF 8 |
Right avoid unreasonable Search and Seizure |
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CCRF 9 |
Right not be abitrarily detainment and imprisoned |
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CCRF 10 |
Right on arrest/detention to a) Informed why promptly b) To retain and be informed of the righ to retain and instruct counsel without delay c) To have validity of detention to be determined by way of habeas corpus and to be released if unlawful |
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CCRF 11 |
Those charged w offense have right to a)Be informed of offense b) to be tried win reasonable time c) To not be compelled to be a witness d) presumed innocent until proven guilty e) Not be denied bail wo cause f) Trial by jury if max for offense is 5+ years (cept w military law) g) Not be found guilty of offence that wasn't a crime at time of incident h) Not be tried for same offense again i) If found guilty and punishment offense changed while in process of sentencing be given less charge |
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Habeas Corpus in english |
"Bring me the body" aka evidence |
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CCRF 12 |
Right to not be cruelly or abnormally punished |
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Legal Definition of Arrest |
Ind'v deprived or liberty by legal authority and placed under arrest/taken into custody |
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Common Steps to complete arrest |
Officer must have intent
communicate intent - "Hands up"/"You're under arrest"
Take person into custody -> Must say why he's being arrested and put hands on indvidual |
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Behaviourally Arrested |
Officer taking suspect into custody involves 'stop' oft that they aren't allowed to leave) + verbal statement that they are "under arrest"
OR they are physically restrained |
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Subjectively Arrested |
Individual in encounter with police does not believe that they are free to go leading to the perception that they have been arrested
ARE free to go, but if ind'v knows they did something wrong may spill the beans (police trick) |
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Officaily Arrested |
Occurs only when officer has made official arrest report -> Goes into statistics |
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Requirements custodial Interrogation |
Informed right to silence and council Oft give both verbal and written statement |
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Req Search + Seizure |
Req warrent except when arresting ind'v i) Protection of officer ii) Protection of Evidence iii) To discover minor details (helps w invest)
May not be humiliating or abusive |
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Req Search Person |
Convered under common law (why allwoed to be patted down) |
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Invasive Search (ex. blood) Req |
Warrant |
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Electronic Surveillance types + Req |
Wiretapping, hidden cameras, keyloggers
Warrant/application - rarely rejected
Most often used for terrorism and conspiracy to commit drug offenses |
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Dudley George |
An unarmed native man who was killed protesting the gov't's refusal to return land rented to the gov't by the natives (Camp Iperwash) |
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Special Investigations Unit |
Ontario organization that investigates all police incidents that result in shooting or injury
Civi oversight -> Oft staffed ex-police, issues w them knowing the ind'v being investigated |
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Data/R Deadly Force |
2-3 times/year Canada (increased recently)
Not made public - varies tween areas and departments
Minority + Mentally ill more at risk |
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20ft Rule |
That an indivual can travel 20ft in the time it takes to unholster and discharge a weapon |
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Police Discretion |
Officers ability to choose how to react/punish in a situation |
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Factors that influence use discretion |
Type of crime Attitude of Suspect Departmental Policies |
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How Police Discretion Excercised |
Decision to intervene How to act -> warning, ticket, use of force, arrest, detain, charge? |
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Is there a relation between police strenth and crime rates? |
No |
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Canadian Crime Rate peak |
1991 |
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Do territories of Provinces have more police per pop? |
Territories |
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Apr # and av age distribution of Canadian Police |
700 00
35 - 44 (Losing corporate + Institutional experience) |
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Highest po/pop in metropolitan Areas |
Winnepeg, Thunder Bay, Regina and St. John |
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Lowest po/pop metropolitan Areas |
Moncton + Kelowna |
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Does Population size affect crime rate? |
No |
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Police Budget 1956 vs 2011 |
1965 - $3.54 Billion $137/Canadian
2011 - apr $13billion (12.93 B) $375/Canadian |
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Provinces w Highest Police Spending |
Ontario ($3.5 Billion) Quebec ($1.5 Billion) |
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Breakdown Police Budget + Whats the highest expenditure |
Salary + Benefits (%60+), Services, Equipment |
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RCMP Divisions + Total Staff |
Officer Corp, Rank and File, Civilian
apr 28 641 |
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How much of the RCMP Staff are civilians? |
Apr 1/3rd (9000+)
1965 5000 -> 1/5 ratio civi to cop Now 9000 -> apr 1/3 ratio civi to cop |
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Head of RCMP Officer Corp |
Commissioner
also 6 deputy commisioners |
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Biggest sector of Police Organization |
Patrol |
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Civilian Oversight at each level of policing |
Fed/RCMP -> Reports to Solicitor General/Minister of Public Safety (who reports to parliment)
Metropolitan Police (Aka Toronto police) report tp Mayor and Police Service Boards (who are civi staffed)
*There is civi oversight at each level of policing) |
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Intergrated Policing |
When members of diferent police depart/services come together as a team to tackle an issues ex. trafficking, child porn, terrorism |
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Interoperable Policin |
Large gatherings bring variety officers/departments to an area where they work in tandem w. each other, but not intergrated
ex. own seperate areas in g20 for various services |
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Simlarities police service mission statements/goals |
All lv (fed/prov/muni) tackle organized crime and target youth
All mission statement include idea of Community |
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1st Codified Laws |
Hammurabi Code 1200BC -> Enforced by CENTRAL authorites aka military)
close to codes of the shang and chou dynasties |
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Greek/Roman Laws |
Rome Law of the 12 Tablets
enforced military, start of kin/civi policing |
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Vigiles |
Roman nonmiliatary unis who fought fires and maintained order |
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English "Hue and Cry" |
Each able bodied man req. to assist police in pursuit + apprehension criminals (punished if not)
see crime must call out for help |
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Tythingman |
Man elected to maintain order and collect taxes from tythings (groups of 10 families) in the Frankpledge system) |
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Hundredman |
Headed "Hundreds" (groups of 10 families) in the Frankpledge system |
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Constable (Frankenpledge system) |
Elected men who would take care of teh weapons/equipment of the Hundred |
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Shire-reeves |
Headed the shires(parishes/counties)
Appointed by king to uphold kings interess |
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Statute of Winchester |
1285 -> Made policing the responsibility of the community and made them form night watches
also created parish constables and Assize of Arms |
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Justice of the Peace Act |
1361 - Centralized peacekeeping duties under the Justices of the Peace, who replaced shire-reeves |
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Henry Feilding + Bow Street Runners |
1st organized body of police -> would track down crim/stolen property for a fee
Crime dec, started to become theives (who would return stolen goods when paid to investigate the theft) |
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Peel Principles of Policing |
Police mission - Prev crime + disorder Need public approval/Respect to properly perform duties Increase public cooperation to decrease use of force Impartial service -> Service for all Persausion/warning > Force Police = arrest + order, not judiciary Good policing = abscence of crime |
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Constitution Act |
1867
Outlined policing responsibilities Federal - Enact criminal law and procedures Province - To enforce + Administer |
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The North-West Mounted Police |
Formed 1873 to police Rupert's land and spread gov't authority west
Name change 1920 to RCMP |
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Trends in the Cost of Policing |
Increasing - 40% increase 1999 - 2009 |
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Pluralization of Policing |
Expansion of police to include parapolice and private security |
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Collaborative Policing |
Coop. tween police departments as well as public and private police |
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CCRF 15(1) |
Everyone equal under the law -> service for all |
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Racial Profilling |
Police targeting of members of a specific racail group on the basis of supposed "criminal prosperity" of the entire group |
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Bias-Free Policing |
Police make suspicion on reasonable ground > Stereotyping |
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Overpolicing |
Disproportionate police prescence/attention towards racailized pop or neighborhood |
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Pretext Policing |
Police stop/search for a minor reason that leads to a more intrusive intervention
ex. stop traffic violation -> Vehicle search |
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Starlight tours |
Saskatoon police would take aboriginal men and drive them out to the city limits and leave then, at least one aboriginal man froze to death |
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High Visibility/High Consequence Policing |
Esp Northern Canada
Police are highly scrutinized and their decision will likely impact the community, themselves and offender -> inc stress, crime and violence |
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Mandate Creep |
The requirement of police (especailly in Northern Areas) to cover other agencies (Ex. post office) work on evenings, weekends and holidays |
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Arrest Warrant |
A document that allows an officer to arrest an ind'v for a specific reason
have to swear info (written statement officer) in front of an officer of the peace |
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Do summary or indictable offenss generally lead to arrest? |
indictable offenses |
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Detention |
When officers assume control over the movements of an individual that may have legal consequences and prev/impeded access to council
Can be psychological -> can feel compelled to listen to officed despite not required legally |
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Search Warrent Req |
Area/Building Has i) Ev related violation of crime code or statute ii) Ev excist in realtion to violation iii) Ev inteded to be used to violate code/statute |
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Plain View Doctrine |
Can search if object usd to commit crime in plain veiw, is immediately evident it is evidence of a crime and inadvertaintly discovered |
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Entrapment |
A person ends up committing an offense she wouldn't have bc police cunning or pressure |
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Demonstrated Threat Levels |
Co-operative Non-cooperative - not complying, verbal defiance Resistant - to control, running away Combative - threatens/applies force Show potntial grevious bodily harm or death |
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Levels of Force intervention (in force options model) |
Officer prescence Dialoque Empty Hands use force Compliance tools - equip/weapons (pepper spray) Lethal Force |
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Less lethal force option |
Intervention highly unlikely to cause death when properly applied |
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Victim-Precipitated Homicide/"Suicide by Cop" |
Victims act in a calculated way to ensure deadly force by police |
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Critical Incident Stress |
Phys, psych + emotional reaction when ind'v involved in a traumatic event |
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Problem-Oriented Specail Unit |
Focus on certain types of offenders/crimes
oft deal with issues above patrol officers |
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Methods-Oriented Specail units |
specialize in specific equipment of tactics
ex. bomb-squads, emergency response teams |
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Police Detectives |
Reactive - Arrived @ scene after and are breifed by patrol officers, interview witnesses, assign follow-up or investigate themselves |
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CSI Effect |
Expectation of jury to be presented with clear and unequvacle evidence |
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Smoking Gun Investigations |
Cases where perpetrators immediately identifiable (ex. at scene) |
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Whodunit Investigation |
Cases suspect unknoiw and extensive investigation required |
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Cautious Search |
Of visible area - avoid contamination of scene |
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Vigorous search |
Search hidden/concealed areas |
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#1 Reason for false convictions |
False eyewitness testimonies |
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Principle of Transfer and Exchange |
Police often look for link between scene, crime, offender and suspect
Assume some type phys evidence transfered during crime (perp left or took something) ex/left footprint, fingerprint, saliva, blood took - dust, glass, victims blood |
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Linkage Blindness |
Failure to recognize pattern linking one crime to another
major failure pickton case |
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Interoperability |
Sharing of information between departments |
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Criminal Profilling |
Attempt ident suspect by constructing phys sketches or biographical data
try to det attributes and predict behaviour |
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VCLA |
Violent Crime Linkage Analysis - captures all info about homicides and violent crime (incl sexual violence) |
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Geographic Profilling |
Anal behavioural patterns related to space + geograph of crime, espec. "Crime-trip distance" - dsitance perp travelled from home to crime scen |
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Cold Case Squad |
Squad focused on unsolved crimes (partic with advent of new tech and DNA analysis) |
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Mr Big Technique |
Investigative technique
Criminal befreinded by undercover cop and introduced to a crime boss "Mr. Big" but only allowed to meet if he confesses to commiting a crime |
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Kin Policing |
Self-regulation win. an organized group -> Basis in id'v/group/tribe retaliation
Gen hunter-gatherer/pre-industrial
B/c laws passed via oral tradition possible to warp laws for own gain |
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Lex Talionus |
An eye for an eye
Hammurabi code based in this concept |
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The Proetarian Gaurd |
1st private security force
created Ceasar Agustus
Also undercover police/secret service, involved both against and with assissination plots
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Gendarme System |
"Men or arms system"", system France + large parts of continental Europe
Centralized system - Power from state Proffessionalized (Armed and paid) Based military principles |
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Frankpledge System |
Uncentralized Unproffessional (unpaid) All men 13+ |
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Magna Carta |
Provided groundwork for modern law
ex. trail by jury, innocent until proven guilty |
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Assize of Arms |
All men (13+) must have a weapon (ex. pitchfork) |
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Robert Peel |
Started Modern policing -> Created Royal Irish Constabulary (1812) (after failing to pass in London) and London Metropolitan Police in 1829 |
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Royal Irish Constabulary (Peels Time) |
wore military uniforms, arms, barracked, did not police were they were from |
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London Metropolitan Police (Peels time) |
Wore all blue
not armed (did have truncheon - like a bat) |
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Tipping Point creation on London Metro Police |
Social condition of Industrial revolution - pop boom, disorder and unrest |
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Early Municipal Police Service Mandate |
Moral Enforcement Apprehending Criminals Conflict + Labour management *Oft phys altercations and corruption |
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When and Why did Halifax police form? |
1769 - 1st port of call from Europe, Center crime |
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When did Toronto Metropolitan Police form? |
1834 |
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4 Key Values Police Work |
Justice Equality Accountability Efficency + cost effectiveness |
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3 Components Police Role |
Crime Control Order Maintenence Service |
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Criminal Code of Canada |
Fed legi. that sets out criminal law procedure for criminal cases + sentence & procedures for adminsistration of justice |
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Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act |
Fed legislature that provides the framework for RCMP operation, incl disciplinary procedures |
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Basis of police power |
Authority |
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Discretion |
Freedom to choose police |
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Surete du Quebec |
Quebec Provincial Police Force |
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Major Urban Police Service Divisions |
Operational Patrol Investigative Support Service - info, filing, victim services Admin HR Research and Planning |
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4 Division of the RCMP |
Pacific, Northwest, Central & Atlantic |
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RCMP Contract Policing |
Agreement RCMP + provinces to provide provincial and municipal policing services |
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1st Nations Police Program |
Framework that allows 1st Nations individuals to negotiate police arrangement w fed + prov
ex. own auxil police or 1st nations members of RCMP |
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Special Constaples |
Individuals granted similar power to police in certain setting and situations
ex. uni police, airports, provincail parks, railways |
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Parapolice |
Unarmed officers who have specail constable status |
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RCMP Communit Safety Officer Program |
Sommon from commun works win. commun to aid crime prev, commun safety, traffic support, etc. |
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Area where RCMP ALL levels of policing |
British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan |
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