Poli Sci Test 1

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a means through which individual and group interests compete to shape government's impact on society's problems and goals

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politics

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the practice or organizing on the basis of sex, ethnic orrca identity, or sexual orientation to compete for public resources and influence public policy

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identity politics

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a shared body of values and beliefs that shapes perception and attitudes toward politics and government and, in turn, influences political behavior

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political culture

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rule by the people

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popular sovereignty

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a system of government in which sovereignty resides in the people

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democracy

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a system of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions for the

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indirect democracy

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a system of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions for them; an indirect democracy

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republic

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a system of government in which citizens govern themselves directly and vote on most issues

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direct democracy

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the attempt to break into Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 that ultimately led to Nixon's resignation for his role in attempting to cover up the break-in and other criminal and unethical actions

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Watergate scandal

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the authority of the president to withold specific types of information from the courts and congress

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executive privelege

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the first constitution of the US

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Articles of Confederation

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a revolt of farmers in western Mass. to protest the state legislature's refusal to grant them relief from debt; helped lead to calls for a new nation

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Shay's Rebellion

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the gathering in Philadelphia in 1787 that wrote the US Constition; met initially to revise the Articles of Confederation but produced a new national constitution instead

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Constitutional Convention

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a system of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions for them; an indirect democracy

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republic

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the decision of the Constitutional Convenction to have a bicameral legislature in which representation in one house would be by population and in the other house, by states

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Great Compromise

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the decision of the Constitutional Convenction that each slave would count as three-fifths of a person apportioning seats in the House of Reps.

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Three-Fifths Compromise

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a system in which power is constitutionally divided btwn a central gov and a subnational or local gov

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federalism

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the principal of government under which the power to make, administer, and judge the laws is split among the three brances

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seperation of powers

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the situation when one political party controls the presidency and the other party controls the presidency and the other party controls one or both houses of congress

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divided government

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the principle of government that holds that the powers of the various branches should overlap to avoid power becomig overly concentrated in one branch

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checks and balances

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inalienable and inherent rights such as the right to own property

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natural rights

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an implied agreement between the people and their government in which the people give up part of their liberty to the government in exchange for the government protecting the remainder of their liberty

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social contract

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a government that is strong enough to protect the people's rights but not so strong as to threaten those rights, john lock believed that this governmnt was established trough a social contract

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limited government

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those who supported the US Constitution and favored its ratification; in the earlyyearsof the Republic those who advocated a strong national government

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federalists

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those who opposed the ratification of the US constitution

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anti-federalists

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a series of essays in support of ratification of the US constitution; written for NY papers

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federalist papers

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the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution

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bill of rights

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Abraham Lincoln's proclamation that the slaves shall be forever free

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emancipation proclamation

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Abraham Lincoln's speech to dedicate the battlefield where many had fallen during the Civil War; used to adavce iea of equality and to promote the Union

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gettysburg address

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three amendments (13, 14, 15) adopted after the Civil War from the 1865 to 1870 that eliminated slavery(13), gave blacks right to vote (15), and guaranteed due process rights for all (14)

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reconstruction amendments

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a program of roosevelt's administration in the 30's aimed at stimulating economic recovery and aiding victims of the Great Depression; led to expansion of the national government's role

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new deal

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a system in which power is constitutionally divided between a central government and subnational or local government

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federalism

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a system in which the central government has only the powers gien to it by the subnational government

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confederal system

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a system in which the national government is supreme; subnational governments are created by the national government and have only the power it allocates to them

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unitary system

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a phrase used by Madison in the Federalis papers to refer to the threat to the nation's stability that factions could pose

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mischief of faction

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a phrase in the implied powers clause of the US constitution that gives congress the power to make all laws needed to carry out its specific powers

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necessary and proper

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the clause in the US Constitution that gives Congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" for carrying out its specific powers

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implied powers clause

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constitutional amendment stating that powers not delegated to the federal government nor prohibied to the states are reserved to other states and to the people; not had much impact

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tenth amendment

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the view that the constitution was written by representatives of the people and ratified by the people

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nation-centered federalism

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the view that our constitutional system should give precedence to state sovereignty over that of the national government

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state-centered federalism

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the idea that the constitution created a system in which the national government and he states have separate grants of power w. each supreme in its own sphere

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dual federalism

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supreme court decision that broadly interpreted congree's powers under the implied pwers clause

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mcculloch v. maryland

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the day-to-day cooperation among federal, state, and local offiials in carrying out the business of government

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cooperative federalism's cause

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the delegation of authority by the national government to lower units of government to make and implement policy

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devolution

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federal laws that require the states to do something without providing full funding for the required activity

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unfunded mandates

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a clause in the US constitution that requires the states to recognize contracts that are valid in other states

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full faith and credit clause

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the grant of considerale autonomy to a local government

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home rule

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blanket exemptions that free states from federal program standards and requirements and give them greater latitude to set standards and ebility requirements; has been applied to welfare programs

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superwaiver

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A clause in the US constitution stating that treaties and laws made by the national government take precedence over state laws in cases of conflict

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supremacy clause

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after the Bombings of Pearl Harbor Korematsu was detained and argued that his 5th amendment right of due process was denied to him; government still removed Japanese people from the west coast

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Korematsu v. US

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said that blacks, slaves or not slaves, were not US citizens and that Congress had no power to restrict slavery in territories

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Dred Scott Case

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the 14th amendment; everyone is equal before the law

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equal protection clause

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laws enacted in souther states that segregated schols, public accommodations, and almost all other aspects of life

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Jim Crow Laws

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The court upheld segregation by enunciating the seperate-but-equal doctrine

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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the principle set forth by Plessy v. Ferguson that allowed separate facilities for blacks and whites as long as they were equal

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sepearte-but-equal doctrine

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NAACP

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an organization founded to fight for black rights; challenged segregation in the ourts and won

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an informal requirement of some black clubs and churhes that prospective members have enough "white blood" so that their skin was lighter than the color of a brown paper bag

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brown-bag test

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overturned seperate-but-equal nd rued unanimously that segregated schools violated the fourteenth amendment

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Brown v. Board of Education

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segregation imposed by law

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de jure segregation

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segregation that is based on residential patterns and not imposed by law

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de facto segregation

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major civl rights legislation that prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in public accommodations

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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restrictive covenants

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agreements among neighbors in white residentia areas not to sell their houses to blacks

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the practice in which realtors promoted segregation by showing blacks houses in black neighborhoods and whites houses in white neighborhoods

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steering

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realators would tell whites that their houses would decline in value bc blacks had moved in; whites would sell their house to realators for low price and the realator would sell the house to blacks for a higher pric, resegregated the area from white to black

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blockbusting

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the practice where bankers and other lenders refuse to lend money to persons who wanted to buy a house in a racially changing neighborhood

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redlining

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civil rights legislation that prohibits discrimiation in the sale or rental of housing the basis of race, color, relgigion, or national origin

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civil rights act of 1968

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practice that targets a particular group for attention from law enforcement based on racial stereotypes; a common occurance in black drivers beng sopped by police disproportionately

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racial profiling

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programs where students whose native language is not english recieve instruction in substantive subjects such as math in their native language

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bilingual education

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a proposed amendment that would prohibit governmen fromdenyng equal rights on the basis of sex; not ratified

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equal rights amendment

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a congressional act from 1978 that forbids firing or demoting employees for becoming pregnant

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pregnancy discrimination act

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a statue enacted by congress in 1963 that mandated thatwomen and men should recieve equal pay for equal work

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equal pay act

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the principle that comparable jobs should pay comparable wages

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comparable worth

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a wage that is high enough to allow fulltime workers to meet th basic cost of living, something the minimum wage does not do

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living wage

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a form of job discrimination prohibited by the civil rights act of 1964; sexual favors for a raise or promotion; hostile work environment that prevents workers from doing their job

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sexual harassment

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equal opportunity in education act that forbids dicriminon on the basis of sex in school and colleges that recieve federal aid

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Title IX

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a policy in job hiring or university admissions that gives equal consideration memers of historially disadvantaged groups

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affirmative action

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the authority given to Congress in the Constitution to do what is "necessary and proper"

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the elastic clause

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Georgia's Constitution

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establishes a system of seperation of powers

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a system of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions for them is knows as

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a republic

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a normative statement:

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the senate ought to pass the president's economic stimulus package

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the connecticut (great) compromise refers to the decision to:

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make congress bicameral with the house based on population

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in federalist #10, James Madison expressed concern about the evils of "factions" which he feared were likely to occur in a

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democracy

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georgia's constitution

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requires that voters approve constitutional amendments

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federal laws that require the states to do something without providing full funding for the required activity are

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none of the above

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the articles of the confederation:

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did not provide for a standing national army

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wen the US constitution was drafter in 1787 the delegates at the Phili convention sought to limit the power of the national government by:

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listing the specific powers of congress

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the supreme court ruled that the creation of detention camps following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 was notracial discrimination in the case of

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Korematsu v. US

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which of the following features of the constitution did the anti-federalists criticize?

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indirect election of the president; the method of choosing federal judges; the election of senator by state legislatures

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the supreme court first recognized the implied powers of congress in the cases of

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mcculloch v. maryland

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states spend the largest share of their bugets on

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education

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a system in which the central government has only the powers given to it by the subnational gov, such as states is called

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confederal system

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agreements among neighbors in white residential areas not to sell their houses to blacks are known as

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restrictive covenants

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practice in the states of electing some department heads rather than having them appointed by the governor

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plural executive

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laws enacted in souther states that segregated schools, public accommodations, and almost all aspects of life

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jim crow laws

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practice in which bankers and other refused to len money to persons who wanted to buy a house in a racly changing neighborhood

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redlining

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states are guarenteed "reserved powers" as protection against the national government constitution

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10th amendment

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procedures available in some states for citizens to vote "yes" or "no" on whether to adopt proposed laws or constitutional amendments

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referendum

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allowing lower units of government to make and implement policy

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devolution

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expresses a judgment about whether a situation is desirable or undesirable. "The world would be a better place if the moon were made of green cheese" is a normative statement because it expresses a judgment about what ought to be

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a normative statement