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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is security?
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- There is no accepted definiton
- it was purely a military term during the cold war - after the cold war it included humanitarian and the environment as well |
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What is military power defined as?
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the factor of power relating to the size, organization, and training of a states armed forces, AND quality and quantity of its weapons
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Why is war used?
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to achieve a political objective that could not be worked out in other means
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What are the different threats?
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Internal
-domestic terror (weather related) -crime External -neighbouring states -regular terrorist groups Regional/Global threats -access to water -out of your control but affects members of your state |
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What is the definiton of security for a state?
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the condition in which the sovereignty and territorial integrity of a state is guranteed
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What are the two main types of weapons?
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WMDs and SALWS
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What are WMDs?
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Weapons of mass destruction- these include nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons
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What are SALWS
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Small arms, light weapons
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What is the security dillema?
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Trying to make yourself more secure, may actually make you unsecure
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Why does the security dillema exist? What results in the downward spiral to conflict?
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Due to state uncertainty, and their lack of desire to take chances
1) Accidents 2) Costs 3) got 'em use 'em mentality 4) increase pressure on first strike opportunities |
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What is Hard Power?
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we are stronger and better than you, you cross us- we will hurt you
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What is Soft Power?
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states abilities to attract allies (Canada), moral system, values, try and LOOK better
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What is Deterrence?
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The attempt to prevent war by discouraging a potential aggression
The primary goal of the defender is to convince the challenger that by attacking they will lose more than gain |
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What do WMDs do?
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They cause quick, destructive harm
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What is horizontal proliferation?
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the know how or actual weapons are moving from one state to another
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What is vertical proliferation?
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increase in production of nukes by existing nuclear powers
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What is MAD?
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Mututally Assured Destruction
-it is not a given/guarantee |
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what are NUTS?
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Nuclear Use Target Selection
-developed leading into the Iraq war - |
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What is the Nuclear-non-proliferation Treaty? NPT
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It as agreement that nuclear powers signed and promised not to transfer weapons and technology to non-nuclear states, and reduce their stock pile
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What are the problems with the NPT?
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-States can easily withdraw
-States have and can easily hide programs under auspices of civilian nuclear programs -increase anger at nuclear powers |
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What are other important arms agreements?
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SALT I-limited number of nukes/launcher systems
SALT II- INF treaty, first treaty to reduce number not just limit START START II SORT- reduced number of active warheads, allowed storage not destruction |
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What are some motivations in having nukes?
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-Unique, destructive power
-Percieved deterrence value -international prestige/domestic motivation -advancing regional or geo political objectives |
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What were the 4 events that increased fears of horizontal proliferation?
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1) Post Gulf War: Realization that Saddam was close
2) Breakup of USSR: dispersed alot of weapons, little security 3) India-Pakistan arms race 4) AQ Khan illicit network |
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What are the advantages to non nuclear WMDs?
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-kills but leaves infrastructure
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What are the growing concerns in relation to nuclear weapons?
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- shift in demand from small arms to light weapons
- increase proliferation and avalitibilty of these weapons is causing inter-ethnic conflicts - no longer a state-to-state activity - US war on terror: blowback - reemergence of debates on inhuman weapons |
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What has the war on terror changed assumptions about in regards to world politics?
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-Terrorism as a local threat, not a global issue
-War is a rational goal for political ends -terrorism is just another form of crime -inter-state order was built on secular or political ideological conflicts, not religious ones -seperations of combatants and non-combatants |
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What are the problems in defining terrorism?
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1) Politicized nature of the term
- loaded term, negative reaction, difficult creating a neautral meaning 2) reverse engineering problem 3) too narrow vs. too broad -either definition is too general or it makes EVERYTHING seem like terrorism 4) actor vs. action - is terrorism an act or an action? only terrorists once it committs its action? 5) state vs. sub-state -any-violence carried out by non-state actors is diligent - are states terror organizations? are they legit? 6) purposes of statement -if someone is doing something we consider terrorism is that all there is behind it? -one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter -look behind the act to find the meaning -terrorism is often said to be a method of defence |
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What was Schmidt and Jongmans exercise?
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sent a three page questionare to terrorist groups asking them to come up with a three hundred word defintion of what terrorism was
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What was Schmidt and Jongman able to come up with as their definition of terrorism?
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-requires a threat or use of force
-in impact BEYOND those immeditately affected by the event - it is POLITICAL, not personal or for financial gain - they want to CHANGE something |
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What are the three eras of terrorism?
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1st AD: Palestinian Millenium Group- beleived the world was going to end
11th AD: Assassins- looked to kill people who disagreed with their way of life, origins of sleeper cells 12-19th AD: Thugees- worshiped the god Kaleeb and to appease their god they would kill travelers moving through India |
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What are the aspects of New Terrorism?
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1) Hierachial structure
2) Transnational: one gets caught, others cant be blamed; people work together to fight it;aided by globalization 3) Amateurism: no longer a career, amateurs do it, ok with suicide bombers 4) Proffessionalism: people who can blend into society 5) Religion: when you do something in the name of religion you can take it to the extreme 6) role of publicity: a lot of people watching, not a lot dead 7) coercian vs. punishment: you can't avoid us! |
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What are the CAUSES of terrorism?
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1) Insanity
2) Belief in a cause 3) Financial, Social, Economic disadvantage 4) Humiliation 5) External Factors 6) Opportunity, social pressure, rewards |
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Globalization and terrorism: Open technology, open economy, open society
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OT: improved communication and propoganda opportunities
OE: fundraise, move money around the world OS: movement of people; easier to hide |
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What are the 1st generation 3 principles to the international laws peacekeeping/operating principles?
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1) Consent
- UN seeks consent of the state before going in 2) Neutrality - UN wasn't coming in as a combatant, rather to facilitate a peace agreement 3) Non-Violence - UN people were not an army, lightly armed, military observers |
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What are the problems with the 3 principles of peacekeeping?
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-countries often do not want you coming into their states
-hard to keep neutrality -only allowing them to use self-defense |
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Second Generation Peace Operations (PEACE BUILDING)
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- Began after the Cold War
- increase number of UN missions - less emphasis on consent, neutrality and non-violence - humanitarian intervention debate |
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Third Generation Peace Ops
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brought together failed states, humanitarian intervention debate, and terrorism
- post 9/11 interventions are 3RD GENERATION PEACE OPS - since 2003 some 3rd generation peace ops have transformed into new wars |
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what are new wars?
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asymmetrical: one sides conflict has superiority over another (USA)
, unconventional:because one side is the underdog they use terrorist or geurilla tactics , and complex: multiple roles that must be fulfilled by the intervening side |
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What are the 1st generation 3 principles to the international laws peacekeeping/operating principles?
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1) Consent
- UN seeks consent of the state before going in 2) Neutrality - UN wasn't coming in as a combatant, rather to facilitate a peace agreement 3) Non-Violence - UN people were not an army, lightly armed, military observers |
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What are the problems with the 3 principles of peacekeeping?
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-countries often do not want you coming into their states
-hard to keep neutrality -only allowing them to use self-defense |
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Second Generation Peace Operations (PEACE BUILDING)
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- Began after the Cold War
- increase number of UN missions - less emphasis on consent, neutrality and non-violence - humanitarian intervention debate |
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Third Generation Peace Ops
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brought together failed states, humanitarian intervention debate, and terrorism
- post 9/11 interventions are 3RD GENERATION PEACE OPS - since 2003 some 3rd generation peace ops have transformed into new wars |
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what are new wars?
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asymmetrical: one sides conflict has superiority over another (USA)
, unconventional:because one side is the underdog they use terrorist or geurilla tactics , and complex: multiple roles that must be fulfilled by the intervening side |
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What are the 1st generation 3 principles to the international laws peacekeeping/operating principles?
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1) Consent
- UN seeks consent of the state before going in 2) Neutrality - UN wasn't coming in as a combatant, rather to facilitate a peace agreement 3) Non-Violence - UN people were not an army, lightly armed, military observers |
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What are the problems with the 3 principles of peacekeeping?
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-countries often do not want you coming into their states
-hard to keep neutrality -only allowing them to use self-defense |
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Second Generation Peace Operations (PEACE BUILDING)
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- Began after the Cold War
- increase number of UN missions - less emphasis on consent, neutrality and non-violence - humanitarian intervention debate |
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Third Generation Peace Ops
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brought together failed states, humanitarian intervention debate, and terrorism
- post 9/11 interventions are 3RD GENERATION PEACE OPS - since 2003 some 3rd generation peace ops have transformed into new wars |
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what are new wars?
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asymmetrical: one sides conflict has superiority over another (USA)
, unconventional:because one side is the underdog they use terrorist or geurilla tactics , and complex: multiple roles that must be fulfilled by the intervening side |
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What is global governance?
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governance for a world without a government
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What is the idea of the international community?
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bound together by shared values, benefits, and responsibilities and common rules and procedures (constructivist thinking)
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What is just war?
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guidelines and rules to ensure stability and order, everyone agrees
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What are the two aspects of Just war?
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Jus ad bellum(right to go to war) and Jus in Bello(right conduct in war)
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What is the criteria for Jus ad Bellum?
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Just Cause
Comparative Justice Legit Authority Right Intention Probability of Success Last resort |
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What are the three distinctions of Jus in Bello?
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Distinction
Military success Proportionality |
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What is international law?
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a body of rules which binds states and other agents in world politics in their relations with one another
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How does international law differ from domestic law?
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lack of international sovereignty possessing monopoly on coercive force
Lack of global legislature Based on conset |
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What are the sources of international law?
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Treaties and Customary Practices
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What are other reasons that states adhere?
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Provides framework and provides stability
Most states do fear sanctions Reciprocity Do not want to be a rouge or pariah state |
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What is the international criminal court?
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Focuses mainly on human rights
Came into force in 2002 Has 160 states, 17 IGO's and 24 NGO's The purpose is to have the power to try individuals accused of the most egregious crimes including war crimes against humanity and genocide |
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What are the problems with the international criminal court?
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Enforceability
Fairness Agenda |
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What are the origins in natural law?
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certain human rights derive from a "higher law" rather than from the actions of rulers or governments
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What is the social contract?
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social contracts say that you as a citizen have certain responsibilities and if you meet them then the state owes you
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What are the types of Human rights?
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First Generation, Second Generation, Third Generation
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What do 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation human rights say?
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1st: liberty and participation in political life, protect individuals from excesses of the state, freedom of speech/religion/voting rights/fair trial
2: related to equality, social/economic/cultural in nature; right to employment/housing/health care; men vs. women 3rd: broad spectrum of rights, economic and social development, ideas of these rights puts developed at odds with developing |
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What are the seven areas of human security?
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Economic security
Food Health Environmental security personal Community Political |
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What are the critiques of human rights?
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Gives individuals false hope and causes more harm than good
concept is too broad (what is the priority) neglects the role of the state |
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After world war II what was the role of peacekeeping?
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there were calls for it, creation of the UN, high optimism
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Post Cold War, what was the role of peacekeeping?
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Optimism
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What were the critical issues in peace support operations?
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1) Conceptual issues
2) Legal provisions 3) Operational problems 4) Accountability 5) World Hegemony |
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What is migration influenced by?
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economic, political, and social conditions within and between startes
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Migration can be?
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Voluntary: choosing to relocate
Involuntary: forced to migrate |
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What are the two main issues in contemporary era?
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Regulation and control of international migration
and Policies for dealing with ethnic migrant minorities |
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What are refugees?
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individuals or groups who fall under the category of involuntary migrants
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What are the advantages of migration?
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Economic
Social Political- security related/policy related |
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What have humans done to facilitate environmental degradation?
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-using natural resources
-production and dumping of wastes |
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what do discussions of the environment encompass?
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Talk about the climate, natural resources, infectious diseased, plant and animal species
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What is the north-south divide?
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The north claims that the south is the reason we have environmental problems, and the south blames the north
North says they have overpopulation, and the South says the North is overindulgent and consumption The north accuses the south of polluting to much as the modernize and over indulgent, and the south says the north is being hypocritical, and they want the life style that the north has |
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What was the movement in the 1980s regarding the environment do?
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it was facilitated to scientifically understand the mechanics of the global environment
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the scale of environmental degradation may be...
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Local
Regional Global |
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How do we evaluate the threat of environmental issues?
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Urgency- how urgent is it
Intensity- how intense/fast is it doing it? Visibility- what we see/experience/feel |
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What are the two radically different approaches to solving the environmental problem?
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Sustainable development on a global level
Radical alternative |
