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227 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bureaucracy |
an organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions.
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Weberian Model
|
A model of bureaucracy developed by the German sociologist Max Weber, who viewed bureaucracies as rational, hierarchical organizations in which decisions are based on logical reasoning.
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Acquisitive Model
|
A model of bureaucracy that views top-level bureaucrats as seeking to expand the size of their budgets and staffs to gain greater power.
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Monopolistic Model
|
A model of bureaucracy that compares bureaucracies to monopolistic business firms. Lack of competition in either circumstance leads to inefficient and costly operations.
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|
The size of the Bureau
|
2.8 million employees the federal workforce greatly exceeds |
|
|
Bureaucracy |
an organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions. |
|
|
Weberian Model
|
A model of bureaucracy developed by the German sociologist Max Weber, who viewed bureaucracies as rational, hierarchical organizations in which decisions are based on logical reasoning.
|
|
|
Acquisitive Model
|
A model of bureaucracy that views top-level bureaucrats as seeking to expand the size of their budgets and staffs to gain greater power.
|
|
|
Monopolistic Model
|
A model of bureaucracy that compares bureaucracies to monopolistic business firms. Lack of competition in either circumstance leads to inefficient and costly operations.
|
|
|
The size of the Bureau
|
2.8 million employees the federal workforce greatly exceeds the number of official federal workers. Excluding military service members but including employees of the legislative and judicial branches
|
|
|
What are cabinets
|
The fifteen cabinet departments are the major service organizations of the federal government.
|
|
|
Why are the cabinets important
|
They can also be described in management terms as line organizations. This means that they are directly accountable to the president and are responsible for performing government functions, such as printing money and training troops. These departments were created by Congress when the need for each department arose. The first department to be created was State, and the most recent one was Homeland Security, established in 2003. A president might ask that a new department be created or an old one abolished, but the president has no power to do so without legislative approval from Congress.
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Independent Regulatory
|
Bureaucratic organizations that are not located within a department but report directly to the president, who appoints their chief officials.
|
|
|
Independent Executive
|
Not part of major districts, but sets policies and regulations. aka CIA
|
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|
Government Corporation
|
An agency of government that administers a quasi-business enterprise. These corporations are used when activities are primarily commercial.
|
|
|
Deregulation
|
During the presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), significant deregulation (the removal of regulatory restraints—the opposite of regulation) was initiated. For example, Carter appointed a chairperson of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) who gradually eliminated regulation of airline fares and routes. Deregulation continued under President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989), who eliminated the CAB in January 1985.
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|
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Reregulation
|
During the administration of George H. W. Bush (1989–1993), calls for reregulation of many businesses increased. Indeed, during that administration, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1991, all of which increased or changed the regulation of many businesses, were passed. Additionally, the Cable Reregulation Act of 1992 was passed. Under President Bill Clinton (1993–2001), the Interstate Commerce Commission was eliminated, and the banking and telecommunications industries, along with many other sectors of the economy, were deregulated. At the same time, there was extensive regulation to protect the environment, a trend somewhat reversed by the George W. Bush administration.
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Merit System
|
The selection, retention, and promotion of government employees on the basis of competitive examinations.
|
|
|
Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act)
|
An act that established the principle of employment on the basis of merit and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service
|
|
|
Civil Service Commission
|
The initial central personnel agency of the national government; in 1883.The act established the principle of employment on the basis of open, competitive examinations and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service.
|
|
|
Sunshine Laws
|
A law that requires all committee directed federal agencies to conduct their business regularly in public session.
|
|
|
Sunset Laws
|
Laws requiring that existing programs be reviewed regularly for their effectiveness and be terminated unless specifically extended as a result of these reviews.
|
|
|
Privatization
|
The replacement of government services with services provided by
|
|
|
Bureaucracy |
an organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions.
|
|
|
Weberian Model
|
A model of bureaucracy developed by the German sociologist Max Weber, who viewed bureaucracies as rational, hierarchical organizations in which decisions are based on logical reasoning.
|
|
|
Acquisitive Model
|
A model of bureaucracy that views top-level bureaucrats as seeking to expand the size of their budgets and staffs to gain greater power.
|
|
|
Monopolistic Model
|
A model of bureaucracy that compares bureaucracies to monopolistic business firms. Lack of competition in either circumstance leads to inefficient and costly operations.
|
|
|
The size of the Bureau
|
2.8 million employees the federal workforce greatly exceeds the number of official federal workers. Excluding military service members but including employees of the legislative and judicial branches
|
|
|
What are cabinets
|
The fifteen cabinet departments are the major service organizations of the federal government.
|
|
|
Why are the cabinets important
|
They can also be described in management terms as line organizations. This means that they are directly accountable to the president and are responsible for performing government functions, such as printing money and training troops. These departments were created by Congress when the need for each department arose. The first department to be created was State, and the most recent one was Homeland Security, established in 2003. A president might ask that a new department be created or an old one abolished, but the president has no power to do so without legislative approval from Congress.
|
|
|
Independent Regulatory
|
Bureaucratic organizations that are not located within a department but report directly to the president, who appoints their chief officials.
|
|
|
Independent Executive
|
Not part of major districts, but sets policies and regulations. aka CIA
|
|
|
Government Corporation
|
An agency of government that administers a quasi-business enterprise. These corporations are used when activities are primarily commercial.
|
|
|
Deregulation
|
During the presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), significant deregulation (the removal of regulatory restraints—the opposite of regulation) was initiated. For example, Carter appointed a chairperson of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) who gradually eliminated regulation of airline fares and routes. Deregulation continued under President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989), who eliminated the CAB in January 1985.
|
|
|
Reregulation
|
During the administration of George H. W. Bush (1989–1993), calls for reregulation of many businesses increased. Indeed, during that administration, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1991, all of which increased or changed the regulation of many businesses, were passed. Additionally, the Cable Reregulation Act of 1992 was passed. Under President Bill Clinton (1993–2001), the Interstate Commerce Commission was eliminated, and the banking and telecommunications industries, along with many other sectors of the economy, were deregulated. At the same time, there was extensive regulation to protect the environment, a trend somewhat reversed by the George W. Bush administration.
|
|
|
Merit System
|
The selection, retention, and promotion of government employees on the basis of competitive examinations.
|
|
|
Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act)
|
An act that established the principle of employment on the basis of merit and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service
|
|
|
Civil Service Commission
|
The initial central personnel agency of the national government; in 1883.The act established the principle of employment on the basis of open, competitive examinations and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service.
|
|
|
Sunshine Laws
|
A law that requires all committee directed federal agencies to conduct their business regularly in public session.
|
|
|
Sunset Laws
|
Laws requiring that existing programs be reviewed regularly for their effectiveness and be terminated unless specifically extended as a result of these reviews.
|
|
|
Privatization
|
The replacement of government services with services provided by private firms.
|
|
|
Whistleblower
|
It is someone who blows the whistle on a gross governmental inefficiency or illegal action. Whistleblowers may be clerical workers, managers, or even specialists, such as scientists
|
|
|
Government Performance
|
At the federal level, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1997 was designed to improve effi ciency in the federal workforce. The act required that all government agencies (except the Central Intelligence Agency) describe their goals and establish methods for determining whether those goals are met. Goals may be broadly crafted (for example, reducing the time it takes to test a new drug before allowing it to be marketed) or narrowly crafted (for example, reducing the number of times a telephone rings before it is answered)
|
|
|
Iron Triangles
|
The three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests.
|
|
|
Issue Networks
|
Issue Network A group of individuals or organizations—which may consist of legislators and legislative staff members, interest group leaders, bureaucrats, the media, scholars, and other experts—that supports a particular policy position on a given issue.
|
|
|
Common Law
|
Judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing custom. Decisions were applied to similar situations and gradually became common to the nation.
|
|
|
Case Law
|
Judicial interpretations of common law principles and doctrines, as well as interpretations of constitutional law, statutory law, and administrative law.
|
|
|
Civil Law
|
The law regulating conduct between private persons over non-criminal matters, including contracts, domestic relations, and business interactions.
|
|
|
Statutory Law
|
Statutory law or statute law is written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature (as opposed to regulatory law promulgated by the executive or common law of the judiciary) or by a legislator (in the case of an absolute monarchy).
|
|
|
U.S. Constitution
|
The constitutions of the federal government and the states set forth the general organization,powers, and limits of government. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Because the Constitution established a federal government with limited powers, federal jurisdiction is also limited.’
|
|
|
One Federal District Court in each state
|
lol
|
|
|
3 Level Court System
|
(1) U.S. district courts and various specialized courts of limited jurisdiction (not all of the latter are shown in the fi gure), (2) intermediate U.S. courts of appeals, and (3) the United States Supreme Court.
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|
Precedent
|
A court rule bearing on subsequent legal decisions in similar cases. Judges rely on precedents in deciding cases.
|
|
|
Jurisdiction
|
The authority of a court to decide certain cases. Not all courts have the authority to decide all cases. Where a case arises and what its subject matter is are two jurisdictional issues.
|
|
|
Standing to sue
|
Standing to Sue. Another basic judicial requirement is standing to sue, or a sufficient “stake” in a matter to justify bringing suit. The party bringing a lawsuit must have suffered a harm, or have been threatened by a harm, as a result of the action that led to the dispute in question. Standing to sue also requires that the controversy at issue be a justiciable controversy. A justiciable controversy is a controversy that is real and substantial, as opposed to hypothetical or academic. In other words, a court will not give advisory opinions on hypothetical questions.
|
|
|
Stare Decisis
|
To stand on decided cases; the judicial policy of following precedents.
|
|
|
Criminal Law
|
The law that defines crimes and provides punishment for violations.In criminal cases, the government is the prosecutor.
|
|
|
Writ of Certiorari
|
An order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the
|
|
|
Bureaucracy
|
an organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions.
|
|
|
Weberian Model
|
A model of bureaucracy developed by the German sociologist Max Weber, who viewed bureaucracies as rational, hierarchical organizations in which decisions are based on logical reasoning.
|
|
|
Acquisitive Model
|
A model of bureaucracy that views top-level bureaucrats as seeking to expand the size of their budgets and staffs to gain greater power.
|
|
|
Monopolistic Model
|
A model of bureaucracy that compares bureaucracies to monopolistic business firms. Lack of competition in either circumstance leads to inefficient and costly operations.
|
|
|
The size of the Bureau
|
2.8 million employees the federal workforce greatly exceeds the number of official federal workers. Excluding military service members but including employees of the legislative and judicial branches
|
|
|
What are cabinets
|
The fifteen cabinet departments are the major service organizations of the federal government.
|
|
|
Why are the cabinets important
|
They can also be described in management terms as line organizations. This means that they are directly accountable to the president and are responsible for performing government functions, such as printing money and training troops. These departments were created by Congress when the need for each department arose. The first department to be created was State, and the most recent one was Homeland Security, established in 2003. A president might ask that a new department be created or an old one abolished, but the president has no power to do so without legislative approval from Congress.
|
|
|
Independent Regulatory
|
Bureaucratic organizations that are not located within a department but report directly to the president, who appoints their chief officials.
|
|
|
Independent Executive
|
Not part of major districts, but sets policies and regulations. aka CIA
|
|
|
Government Corporation
|
An agency of government that administers a quasi-business enterprise. These corporations are used when activities are primarily commercial.
|
|
|
Deregulation
|
During the presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), significant deregulation (the removal of regulatory restraints—the opposite of regulation) was initiated. For example, Carter appointed a chairperson of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) who gradually eliminated regulation of airline fares and routes. Deregulation continued under President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989), who eliminated the CAB in January 1985.
|
|
|
Reregulation
|
During the administration of George H. W. Bush (1989–1993), calls for reregulation of many businesses increased. Indeed, during that administration, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1991, all of which increased or changed the regulation of many businesses, were passed. Additionally, the Cable Reregulation Act of 1992 was passed. Under President Bill Clinton (1993–2001), the Interstate Commerce Commission was eliminated, and the banking and telecommunications industries, along with many other sectors of the economy, were deregulated. At the same time, there was extensive regulation to protect the environment, a trend somewhat reversed by the George W. Bush administration.
|
|
|
Merit System
|
The selection, retention, and promotion of government employees on the basis of competitive examinations.
|
|
|
Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act)
|
An act that established the principle of employment on the basis of merit and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service
|
|
|
Civil Service Commission
|
The initial central personnel agency of the national government; in 1883.The act established the principle of employment on the basis of open, competitive examinations and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service.
|
|
|
Sunshine Laws
|
A law that requires all committee directed federal agencies to conduct their business regularly in public session.
|
|
|
Sunset Laws
|
Laws requiring that existing programs be reviewed regularly for their effectiveness and be terminated unless specifically extended as a result of these reviews.
|
|
|
Privatization
|
The replacement of government services with services provided by private firms.
|
|
|
Whistleblower
|
It is someone who blows the whistle on a gross governmental inefficiency or illegal action. Whistleblowers may be clerical workers, managers, or even specialists, such as scientists
|
|
|
Government Performance
|
At the federal level, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1997 was designed to improve effi ciency in the federal workforce. The act required that all government agencies (except the Central Intelligence Agency) describe their goals and establish methods for determining whether those goals are met. Goals may be broadly crafted (for example, reducing the time it takes to test a new drug before allowing it to be marketed) or narrowly crafted (for example, reducing the number of times a telephone rings before it is answered)
|
|
|
Iron Triangles
|
The three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests.
|
|
|
Issue Networks
|
Issue Network A group of individuals or organizations—which may consist of legislators and legislative staff members, interest group leaders, bureaucrats, the media, scholars, and other experts—that supports a particular policy position on a given issue.
|
|
|
Common Law
|
Judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing custom. Decisions were applied to similar situations and gradually became common to the nation.
|
|
|
Case Law
|
Judicial interpretations of common law principles and doctrines, as well as interpretations of constitutional law, statutory law, and administrative law.
|
|
|
Civil Law
|
The law regulating conduct between private persons over non-criminal matters, including contracts, domestic relations, and business interactions.
|
|
|
Statutory Law
|
Statutory law or statute law is written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature (as opposed to regulatory law promulgated by the executive or common law of the judiciary) or by a legislator (in the case of an absolute monarchy).
|
|
|
U.S. Constitution
|
The constitutions of the federal government and the states set forth the general organization,powers, and limits of government. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Because the Constitution established a federal government with limited powers, federal jurisdiction is also limited.’
|
|
|
One Federal District Court in each state
|
lol
|
|
|
3 Level Court System
|
(1) U.S. district courts and various specialized courts of limited jurisdiction (not all of the latter are shown in the fi gure), (2) intermediate U.S. courts of appeals, and (3) the United States Supreme Court.
|
|
|
Precedent
|
A court rule bearing on subsequent legal decisions in similar cases. Judges rely on precedents in deciding cases.
|
|
|
Jurisdiction
|
The authority of a court to decide certain cases. Not all courts have the authority to decide all cases. Where a case arises and what its subject matter is are two jurisdictional issues.
|
|
|
Standing to sue
|
Standing to Sue. Another basic judicial requirement is standing to sue, or a sufficient “stake” in a matter to justify bringing suit. The party bringing a lawsuit must have suffered a harm, or have been threatened by a harm, as a result of the action that led to the dispute in question. Standing to sue also requires that the controversy at issue be a justiciable controversy. A justiciable controversy is a controversy that is real and substantial, as opposed to hypothetical or academic. In other words, a court will not give advisory opinions on hypothetical questions.
|
|
|
Stare Decisis
|
To stand on decided cases; the judicial policy of following precedents.
|
|
|
Criminal Law
|
The law that defines crimes and provides punishment for violations.In criminal cases, the government is the prosecutor.
|
|
|
Writ of Certiorari
|
An order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the
|
|
|
Bureaucracy
|
an organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions.
|
|
|
Weberian Model
|
A model of bureaucracy developed by the German sociologist Max Weber, who viewed bureaucracies as rational, hierarchical organizations in which decisions are based on logical reasoning.
|
|
|
Acquisitive Model
|
A model of bureaucracy that views top-level bureaucrats as seeking to expand the size of their budgets and staffs to gain greater power.
|
|
|
Monopolistic Model
|
A model of bureaucracy that compares bureaucracies to monopolistic business firms. Lack of competition in either circumstance leads to inefficient and costly operations.
|
|
|
The size of the Bureau
|
2.8 million employees the federal workforce greatly exceeds the number of official federal workers. Excluding military service members but including employees of the legislative and judicial branches
|
|
|
What are cabinets
|
The fifteen cabinet departments are the major service organizations of the federal government.
|
|
|
Why are the cabinets important
|
They can also be described in management terms as line organizations. This means that they are directly accountable to the president and are responsible for performing government functions, such as printing money and training troops. These departments were created by Congress when the need for each department arose. The first department to be created was State, and the most recent one was Homeland Security, established in 2003. A president might ask that a new department be created or an old one abolished, but the president has no power to do so without legislative approval from Congress.
|
|
|
Independent Regulatory
|
Bureaucratic organizations that are not located within a department but report directly to the president, who appoints their chief officials.
|
|
|
Independent Executive
|
Not part of major districts, but sets policies and regulations. aka CIA
|
|
|
Government Corporation
|
An agency of government that administers a quasi-business enterprise. These corporations are used when activities are primarily commercial.
|
|
|
Deregulation
|
During the presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), significant deregulation (the removal of regulatory restraints—the opposite of regulation) was initiated. For example, Carter appointed a chairperson of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) who gradually eliminated regulation of airline fares and routes. Deregulation continued under President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989), who eliminated the CAB in January 1985.
|
|
|
Reregulation
|
During the administration of George H. W. Bush (1989–1993), calls for reregulation of many businesses increased. Indeed, during that administration, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1991, all of which increased or changed the regulation of many businesses, were passed. Additionally, the Cable Reregulation Act of 1992 was passed. Under President Bill Clinton (1993–2001), the Interstate Commerce Commission was eliminated, and the banking and telecommunications industries, along with many other sectors of the economy, were deregulated. At the same time, there was extensive regulation to protect the environment, a trend somewhat reversed by the George W. Bush administration.
|
|
|
Merit System
|
The selection, retention, and promotion of government employees on the basis of competitive examinations.
|
|
|
Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act)
|
An act that established the principle of employment on the basis of merit and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service
|
|
|
Civil Service Commission
|
The initial central personnel agency of the national government; in 1883.The act established the principle of employment on the basis of open, competitive examinations and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service.
|
|
|
Sunshine Laws
|
A law that requires all committee directed federal agencies to conduct their business regularly in public session.
|
|
|
Sunset Laws
|
Laws requiring that existing programs be reviewed regularly for their effectiveness and be terminated unless specifically extended as a result of these reviews.
|
|
|
Privatization
|
The replacement of government services with services provided by private firms.
|
|
|
Whistleblower
|
It is someone who blows the whistle on a gross governmental inefficiency or illegal action. Whistleblowers may be clerical workers, managers, or even specialists, such as scientists
|
|
|
Government Performance
|
At the federal level, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1997 was designed to improve effi ciency in the federal workforce. The act required that all government agencies (except the Central Intelligence Agency) describe their goals and establish methods for determining whether those goals are met. Goals may be broadly crafted (for example, reducing the time it takes to test a new drug before allowing it to be marketed) or narrowly crafted (for example, reducing the number of times a telephone rings before it is answered)
|
|
|
Iron Triangles
|
The three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests.
|
|
|
Issue Networks
|
Issue Network A group of individuals or organizations—which may consist of legislators and legislative staff members, interest group leaders, bureaucrats, the media, scholars, and other experts—that supports a particular policy position on a given issue.
|
|
|
Common Law
|
Judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing custom. Decisions were applied to similar situations and gradually became common to the nation.
|
|
|
Case Law
|
Judicial interpretations of common law principles and doctrines, as well as interpretations of constitutional law, statutory law, and administrative law.
|
|
|
Civil Law
|
The law regulating conduct between private persons over non-criminal matters, including contracts, domestic relations, and business interactions.
|
|
|
Statutory Law
|
Statutory law or statute law is written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature (as opposed to regulatory law promulgated by the executive or common law of the judiciary) or by a legislator (in the case of an absolute monarchy).
|
|
|
U.S. Constitution
|
The constitutions of the federal government and the states set forth the general organization,powers, and limits of government. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Because the Constitution established a federal government with limited powers, federal jurisdiction is also limited.’
|
|
|
One Federal District Court in each state
|
lol
|
|
|
3 Level Court System
|
(1) U.S. district courts and various specialized courts of limited jurisdiction (not all of the latter are shown in the fi gure), (2) intermediate U.S. courts of appeals, and (3) the United States Supreme Court.
|
|
|
Precedent
|
A court rule bearing on subsequent legal decisions in similar cases. Judges rely on precedents in deciding cases.
|
|
|
Jurisdiction
|
The authority of a court to decide certain cases. Not all courts have the authority to decide all cases. Where a case arises and what its subject matter is are two jurisdictional issues.
|
|
|
Standing to sue
|
Standing to Sue. Another basic judicial requirement is standing to sue, or a sufficient “stake” in a matter to justify bringing suit. The party bringing a lawsuit must have suffered a harm, or have been threatened by a harm, as a result of the action that led to the dispute in question. Standing to sue also requires that the controversy at issue be a justiciable controversy. A justiciable controversy is a controversy that is real and substantial, as opposed to hypothetical or academic. In other words, a court will not give advisory opinions on hypothetical questions.
|
|
|
Stare Decisis
|
To stand on decided cases; the judicial policy of following precedents.
|
|
|
Criminal Law
|
The law that defines crimes and provides punishment for violations.In criminal cases, the government is the prosecutor.
|
|
|
Writ of Certiorari
|
An order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the record of a case for review.
|
|
|
Opinions
|
The statement by a judge or a court of the decision reached in a case. The opinion sets forth the applicable law and details the reasoning on which the ruling was based
|
|
|
Majority Opinion
|
A court opinion reflecting the views of the majority of the judges.
|
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|
Concurring
|
A separate opinion prepared by a judge who supports the decision of the majority of the court but who wants to make or clarify a particular point or to voice disapproval of the grounds on which the decision was made.
|
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|
Unanimous
|
A court opinion or determination on which all judges agree.
|
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|
Dissenting Opinion
|
A separate opinion in which a judge dissents from (disagrees with) the conclusion reached by the majority on the court and expounds his or her own views about the case.
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|
Affirm
|
To declare that a court ruling is valid and must stand.
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|
Remand
|
To send a case back to the court that originally heard it.
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|
Judicial Activism
|
A doctrine holding that the federal judiciary should take an active role by using its powers to check the activities of governmental bodies when those bodies exceed their authority.
|
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|
Judicial Restraint
|
A doctrine holding that the courts should defer to the decisions made by the elected representatives of the people in the legislative and executive branches.
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Judicial Implementation
|
The way in which court decisions are translated into action.
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|
Domestic Policy
|
All of the laws, government planning, and government actions that concern internal issues of national importance, such as poverty, crime, and the environment.
|
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|
Agenda building
|
First of all, the issue must get on the agenda. In other words, Congress must become aware that a problem requires congressional action. Agenda building may occur as the result of a crisis, technological change, or mass media campaigns, as well as through the efforts of strong political personalities and effective lobbying groups.
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Policy Formulation
|
During the next step in the policymaking process, various policy proposals are discussed among government officials and the public.
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Policy Adoption
|
The third step in the policymaking process involves choosing a specific policy from among the proposals that have been discussed.
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Policy Implementation
|
The fourth step in the policymaking process involves the implementation of the policy alternative chosen by Congress.
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Policy evaluation
|
After a policy has been implemented, it is evaluated.
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Medicare
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A federal health-insurance program that covers U.S. residents over the age of sixty-five. The costs are met by a tax on wages and salaries.-which was created in 1965 under President Lyndon Johnson (1963–1969), pays hospital and physicians’ bills for U.S. residents over the age of sixty-five. Hospitals sometimes refuse service, because their reimbursement fees have been cut.
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Medicaid
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A joint state-federal program that provides medical care to the poor (including indigent elderly persons in nursing homes). The program is funded out of general government revenues.
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Universal Health Insurance
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Any of several possible programs to provide health insurance to everyone in the country. The central government does not necessarily provide the insurance itself, but may subsidize the purchase of insurance from private insurance companies.
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Bureaucracy
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an organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions.
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Weberian Model
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A model of bureaucracy developed by the German sociologist Max Weber, who viewed bureaucracies as rational, hierarchical organizations in which decisions are based on logical reasoning.
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Acquisitive Model
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A model of bureaucracy that views top-level bureaucrats as seeking to expand the size of their budgets and staffs to gain greater power.
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Monopolistic Model
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A model of bureaucracy that compares bureaucracies to monopolistic business firms. Lack of competition in either circumstance leads to inefficient and costly operations.
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The size of the Bureau
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2.8 million employees the federal workforce greatly exceeds the number of official federal workers. Excluding military service members but including employees of the legislative and judicial branches
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What are cabinets
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The fifteen cabinet departments are the major service organizations of the federal government.
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Why are the cabinets important
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They can also be described in management terms as line organizations. This means that they are directly accountable to the president and are responsible for performing government functions, such as printing money and training troops. These departments were created by Congress when the need for each department arose. The first department to be created was State, and the most recent one was Homeland Security, established in 2003. A president might ask that a new department be created or an old one abolished, but the president has no power to do so without legislative approval from Congress.
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Independent Regulatory
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Bureaucratic organizations that are not located within a department but report directly to the president, who appoints their chief officials.
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Independent Executive
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Not part of major districts, but sets policies and regulations. aka CIA
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Government Corporation
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An agency of government that administers a quasi-business enterprise. These corporations are used when activities are primarily commercial.
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Deregulation
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During the presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), significant deregulation (the removal of regulatory restraints—the opposite of regulation) was initiated. For example, Carter appointed a chairperson of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) who gradually eliminated regulation of airline fares and routes. Deregulation continued under President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989), who eliminated the CAB in January 1985.
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Reregulation
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During the administration of George H. W. Bush (1989–1993), calls for reregulation of many businesses increased. Indeed, during that administration, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1991, all of which increased or changed the regulation of many businesses, were passed. Additionally, the Cable Reregulation Act of 1992 was passed. Under President Bill Clinton (1993–2001), the Interstate Commerce Commission was eliminated, and the banking and telecommunications industries, along with many other sectors of the economy, were deregulated. At the same time, there was extensive regulation to protect the environment, a trend somewhat reversed by the George W. Bush administration.
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Merit System
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The selection, retention, and promotion of government employees on the basis of competitive examinations.
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Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act)
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An act that established the principle of employment on the basis of merit and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service
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Civil Service Commission
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The initial central personnel agency of the national government; in 1883.The act established the principle of employment on the basis of open, competitive examinations and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service.
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Sunshine Laws
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A law that requires all committee directed federal agencies to conduct their business regularly in public session.
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Sunset Laws
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Laws requiring that existing programs be reviewed regularly for their effectiveness and be terminated unless specifically extended as a result of these reviews.
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Privatization
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The replacement of government services with services provided by private firms.
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Whistleblower
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It is someone who blows the whistle on a gross governmental inefficiency or illegal action. Whistleblowers may be clerical workers, managers, or even specialists, such as scientists
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Government Performance
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At the federal level, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1997 was designed to improve effi ciency in the federal workforce. The act required that all government agencies (except the Central Intelligence Agency) describe their goals and establish methods for determining whether those goals are met. Goals may be broadly crafted (for example, reducing the time it takes to test a new drug before allowing it to be marketed) or narrowly crafted (for example, reducing the number of times a telephone rings before it is answered)
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Iron Triangles
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The three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests.
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Issue Networks
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Issue Network A group of individuals or organizations—which may consist of legislators and legislative staff members, interest group leaders, bureaucrats, the media, scholars, and other experts—that supports a particular policy position on a given issue.
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Common Law
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Judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing custom. Decisions were applied to similar situations and gradually became common to the nation.
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Case Law
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Judicial interpretations of common law principles and doctrines, as well as interpretations of constitutional law, statutory law, and administrative law.
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Civil Law
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The law regulating conduct between private persons over non-criminal matters, including contracts, domestic relations, and business interactions.
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Statutory Law
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Statutory law or statute law is written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature (as opposed to regulatory law promulgated by the executive or common law of the judiciary) or by a legislator (in the case of an absolute monarchy).
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U.S. Constitution
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The constitutions of the federal government and the states set forth the general organization,powers, and limits of government. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Because the Constitution established a federal government with limited powers, federal jurisdiction is also limited.’
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One Federal District Court in each state
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lol
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3 Level Court System
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(1) U.S. district courts and various specialized courts of limited jurisdiction (not all of the latter are shown in the fi gure), (2) intermediate U.S. courts of appeals, and (3) the United States Supreme Court.
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Precedent
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A court rule bearing on subsequent legal decisions in similar cases. Judges rely on precedents in deciding cases.
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Jurisdiction
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The authority of a court to decide certain cases. Not all courts have the authority to decide all cases. Where a case arises and what its subject matter is are two jurisdictional issues.
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Standing to sue
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Standing to Sue. Another basic judicial requirement is standing to sue, or a sufficient “stake” in a matter to justify bringing suit. The party bringing a lawsuit must have suffered a harm, or have been threatened by a harm, as a result of the action that led to the dispute in question. Standing to sue also requires that the controversy at issue be a justiciable controversy. A justiciable controversy is a controversy that is real and substantial, as opposed to hypothetical or academic. In other words, a court will not give advisory opinions on hypothetical questions.
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Stare Decisis
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To stand on decided cases; the judicial policy of following precedents.
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Criminal Law
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The law that defines crimes and provides punishment for violations.In criminal cases, the government is the prosecutor.
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Writ of Certiorari
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An order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the record of a case for review.
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Opinions
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The statement by a judge or a court of the decision reached in a case. The opinion sets forth the applicable law and details the reasoning on which the ruling was based
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Majority Opinion
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A court opinion reflecting the views of the majority of the judges.
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Concurring
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A separate opinion prepared by a judge who supports the decision of the majority of the court but who wants to make or clarify a particular point or to voice disapproval of the grounds on which the decision was made.
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Unanimous
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A court opinion or determination on which all judges agree.
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Dissenting Opinion
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A separate opinion in which a judge dissents from (disagrees with) the conclusion reached by the majority on the court and expounds his or her own views about the case.
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Affirm
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To declare that a court ruling is valid and must stand.
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Remand
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To send a case back to the court that originally heard it.
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Judicial Activism
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A doctrine holding that the federal judiciary should take an active role by using its powers to check the activities of governmental bodies when those bodies exceed their authority.
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Judicial Restraint
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A doctrine holding that the courts should defer to the decisions made by the elected representatives of the people in the legislative and executive branches.
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Judicial Implementation
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The way in which court decisions are translated into action.
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Domestic Policy
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All of the laws, government planning, and government actions that concern internal issues of national importance, such as poverty, crime, and the environment.
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Agenda building
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First of all, the issue must get on the agenda. In other words, Congress must become aware that a problem requires congressional action. Agenda building may occur as the result of a crisis, technological change, or mass media campaigns, as well as through the efforts of strong political personalities and effective lobbying groups.
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Policy Formulation
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During the next step in the policymaking process, various policy proposals are discussed among government officials and the public.
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Policy Adoption
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The third step in the policymaking process involves choosing a specific policy from among the proposals that have been discussed.
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Policy Implementation
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The fourth step in the policymaking process involves the implementation of the policy alternative chosen by Congress.
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Policy evaluation
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After a policy has been implemented, it is evaluated.
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Medicare
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A federal health-insurance program that covers U.S. residents over the age of sixty-five. The costs are met by a tax on wages and salaries.-which was created in 1965 under President Lyndon Johnson (1963–1969), pays hospital and physicians’ bills for U.S. residents over the age of sixty-five. Hospitals sometimes refuse service, because their reimbursement fees have been cut.
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Medicaid
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A joint state-federal program that provides medical care to the poor (including indigent elderly persons in nursing homes). The program is funded out of general government revenues.
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Universal Health Insurance
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Any of several possible programs to provide health insurance to everyone in the country. The central government does not necessarily provide the insurance itself, but may subsidize the purchase of insurance from private insurance companies.Temporary Assistance to Needy Families:
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Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act
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On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, a massive overhaul of the nation’s health-care funding system crafted by the Senate and passed without alteration by the House of Representatives. On March 30, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, a series of adjustments to the Senate package prepared by the House and agreed to by the Senate. Together, these two measures constituted the most important political development in the United States between the 2008 and 2010 elections, and the largest expansion in the welfare state since the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969).The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will ensure that all Americans have access to quality, affordable health care and will create the transformation within the health care system necessary to contain costs. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has determined that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is fully paid for, will provide coverage to more than 94% of Americans while staying under the $900 billion limit that President Obama established, bending the health care cost curve, and reducing the deficit over the next ten years and beyond.
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Incarceration Rate
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The number of persons held in jail or prison for every 100,000 persons in a particular population group.
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National Environmental Act of 1969
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was one of the first laws ever written that establishes the broad national framework for protecting our environment. NEPA's basic policy is to assure that all branches of government give proper consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major federal action that significantly affects the environment.
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Tax Loopholes
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Persuade congress to exempt them from paying taxes, or pay less taxes.
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Fiscal Policy
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The federal government’s use of taxation and spending policies to affect overall business activity
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Keynesian
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A school of economic thought that tends to favor active federal government policy making to stabilize economy-wide fluctuations, usually by implementing discretionary fiscal policy
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Net Public Debt
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The accumulation of all past federal government deficits; the total amount owed by the federal government to individuals, businesses, and foreigners.
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Monetary Policy
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The use of changes in the amount of money in circulation to alter credit markets, employment, and the rate of inflation.
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Tight Monetary
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Monetary policy that makes credit expensive in an effort to slow inflation.
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Loose Monetary
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Monetary policy that makes credit inexpensive and abundant, possibly leading to inflation.
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Progressive Taxation
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A tax that rises in percentage terms as incomes rise.
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Regressive Taxation
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A tax that falls in percentage terms as incomes rise.
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Foreign Policy
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A nation’s external goals and the techniques and strategies used to achieve them.
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Diplomacy
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The process by which states carry on political relations with each other; settling conflicts among nations by peaceful means.
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Economic Aid
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Assistance to other nations in the form of grants, loans, or credits to buy the assisting nation’s products.
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Technical Assistance
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The practice of sending experts in such areas as agriculture, engineering, or business to aid other nations.
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Moral Idealism
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A philosophy that sees nations as normally willing to cooperate and agree on moral standards for conduct. Political: A philosophy that sees each nation acting principally in its own interest.
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Political Realism
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A philosophy that sees each nation acting principally in its own interest.
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Containment Policy
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A U.S. diplomatic policy adopted by the Truman administration to contain Communist power within its existing boundaries.
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Monroe Doctrine
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A policy statement by President James Monroe in 1823, which set out three principles: (1) European nations should not establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere, (2) European nations should not intervene in the affairs of independent nations of the Western Hemisphere, and (3) the United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations.
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Defense Policy
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A subset of national security policies having to do with the U.S. armed forces.
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National Security
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Foreign and domestic policy designed to protect the nation’s independence and political and economic integrity; policy that is concerned with the safety and defense of the nation.
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2002 -> George Bush
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In September 2002, President Bush enunciated what has since become known as the “Bush Doctrine,” or the doctrine of preemption: “We will . . . [defend] the United States, the American people, and our interests at home and abroad by identifying and destroying the threat before it reaches our borders. While the United States will constantly strive to enlist the support of the international community, we will not hesitate to act alone, if necessary, to exercise our right of self-defense by acting preemptively against such terrorists, to prevent them from doing harm against our people and our country.” The concept of “preemptive war” as a defense strategy was a new element in U.S. foreign policy. The concept is based on the assumption that in the war on terrorism, self defense must be anticipatory. President Bush stated on March 17, 2003, just before launching the invasion of Iraq, “Responding to such enemies only after they have struck first is not self-defense, it is suicide.”
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Department of State Functions
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In principle, the State Department is the executive agency that has primary authority over foreign affairs. It supervises U.S. relations with the nearly two hundred independent nations around the world and with the UN and other multinational groups, such as the Organization of American States. It staffs embassies and consulates throughout the world. It does all this with one of the smallest budgets of the cabinet departments.
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War Powers Res. 1973
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In 1973, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution over President Nixon’s veto. The act limited the president’s use of troops in military action without congressional approval (see Chapter 11). Most presidents, however, have not interpreted the “consultation” provisions of the act as meaning that Congress should be consulted before military action is taken. Instead, Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Clinton ordered troop movements and then informed congressional leaders.
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Department of Defense
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The Department of Defense (DOD) was created in 1947 to bring all of the various activities of the American military establishment under the jurisdiction of a single department headed by a civilian secretary of defense. At the same time, the joint chiefs of staff, consisting of the commanders of the various military branches and a chairperson, was created to formulate a unified military strategy. |
