Poli Sci 334 Midterm

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Environmental justice

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"broad goal that includes objectives such as eliminating hazards, enforcing environmental regulations equitably gaining minority representation in environmental decision making and creating safe, affordable housing and clean jobs"

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Cornucopian v. environmentalist:

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Cornucopians want economic growth first

Environmentalist want to preserve and conserve environmental and wilderness history of U.S. environmental movement

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History of U.S. environmental movement

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1970s, environmental issues came to citizens’ attention because of many reasons: books (Silent Spring)

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Resource management

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Advocacy organizations

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Policy entrepreneur

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nnn

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Status quo

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nnn

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Burden of proof

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Old-growth forests

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forest that has not undergone any major unnatural changes (such as logging) for more than 100 to 150 years,

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Indicator species

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a species that indicates a certain environment. For instance the spotted owl indicates old growth forests

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Endangered species

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species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as likely to become extinct

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Wise use

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taken from the famous conservationist Gifford Pinchot, first head of the Forest Service because it was both headline friendly and rich with symbolism

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Takings

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the idea that by the 5th amendment, government cannot “take” the property that is rightfully ours

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ITQs - (Individual Transfer Quotas)

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exclusive rights to a particular fisheries, takes a certain proportion/amount of fish in that fishery and possibly sell/lease that right to others

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Catch shares

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fishery management system that allocates a secure privilege to harvest a specific area or percentage of a fishery's total catch to individuals, communities or associations.

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Eco-labeling

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indicates that a product was obtained or prepared in an ecologically friendly manner for instance the “dolphin safe” label on tuna

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CWA

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Clean Water Act

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Clean Air Act

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1970. Started after industrial revolution the act itself sets primary and secondary air quality standards (measuring toxins by part per million)

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Superfund

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Created in 1980. Known as Superfund Law while the sites themselves are known as Superfund Sites. This act authorizes EPA to respond to hazardous substance emergencies and clean up leaking chemical dump-sites if the responsible parties failed to take appropriate action or could not be located.

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EJ Executive Order 12898 - (1994)

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required agencies to avoid inflicting disproportionate environmental harms on minorities and the poor

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Federal Grazing Policies -

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Forest Management Policies -

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Magnuson-Stevens Act:

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Two goals:

1) Rejuvenate the American fish fleet

2) Restore and Conserve fish stocks

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Love Canal

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superfund site. Chemical Co sold land to School board for $1 The school board was informed that Hooker was storing over 20,000 tons of toxic waste in ground

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ANWR

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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge of 1980 epitomizes the divide between proponents of natural resource extraction and advocates of wilderness preservation.

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Spotted Owl

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indicator of old growth forests

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Grazing

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alternate approaches

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Federal lands management and recreation

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nn

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Fisheries management

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New England fisheries, but relates to fisheries all around the World. issue is that population is increasing which is forcing demand to increase

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Tragedy of the commons

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when a resource is free and open to the public, it will eventually be over-exploited and will require government regulation

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Magnuson Fisheries Conservation Management Act (1976)

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to rejuvenate American fish flee and restore and conserve fish stocks. Applied to US fishing waters up to 200 miles off coast

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GATT and WTO

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General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs changed to World Trade Organization in 1995

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Dolphin/Tuna and Shrimp/Turtle

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New technology, greater number of yellowfin tuna caught. Regulation has been made forcing “dolphin-safe” tuna from US fishing vessels, and an embargo against foreign dolphin-unsafe tuna.

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EPA

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Environmental Protection Agency, founded in 1970. Established under Nixon.. Federal agency It’s goals:

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NFS

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National Forest Service

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BLM

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Bureau of Land Management

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NMFS

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National Marine Fisheries Service

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NPS

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National Park Service