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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Origins of WWI (4 points)
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1. Alliance system
2. German drive for naval supremacy 3. Huge standing armies 4. Cult of offensive |
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Most obvious cause of WWI
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Alliance system
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Schliefen plan
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German offensive into France; failed to defeat France quickly; defence had advantage in trench warfare
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why Japan became involved in WWI
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- wanted German possessions in China
- allied w/Br. since 1902 - imperialistic intentions |
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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- ended war between Germany and Russia--closed Eastern Front- 1918
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Individual nations that emerged after WWI
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Czech, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
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Suez Crisis; 1956
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Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal; France, Britain, and Israel worried about losing access; Pearson suggested sending in UN peacekeeping force
- signaled difinitive end of European colonial power |
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Vietnam War
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Bloody example of colonial empire ending
- US supported S. Vietnam against communist N. Vietnam (which had support of China/Soviets) - US sent 5000 troops in 1965 - Nixon came to power in '69 and wanted to get States out of Vietnam - when US left, Vietnam became fully communist |
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Bay of Pigs invasion
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- Castro in power in 1959
- Eisenhower came up with plan to land American spy plane at Bay of Pigs b/c there was a sense that Cubans didn't want Castro in power - invasion was a failure |
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CMC
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-US aware of Soviet missile cites in Cuba from pictures
-US imposes naval blockade -closest world ever comes to nuclear war -Soviets withdrew missiles but increase nuclear weapons |
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Glasnost and Perestroika
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Gorbechev's reforms
-Glasnot= openness - perestroika= economic restructuring |
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Soviet Union disintegrated-->WHY?
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1) containment and cost of nuclear arms race
2) imperial overstretch 3) domestic decline 4) Gorbechev's reforms 5) Democracy and the market |
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Utopianism
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- 1st concept embraced by IR
- origins in liberalism--18th century enlightenment (optimistic) - social reform/science/education/liberty of individual/build tolerant society -3 core beliefs--> -1) states are main actors, but individuals are imp. too -2) liberalism focuses on the internal characteristics of the state -3) calculations about power don't mean much--if all states were good, then power wouldn't matter |
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3 important theories of Liberalism
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- world increasingly interdependent economically--more peace-trade-->can't be fighting
- democracies don't go to war against one another (democratic peace theory) - international institutions reduce likelihood of war |
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Political idealism--4 beliefs:
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1) human nature is good
2) evil not innate to humans--result of bad circumstances 3) social progress is possible 4) main problem of IR is war--preventible |
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United Nations
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- trouble finding location--concern that US would turn away
- 1st meeting 1944 - UN Charter ratified in 1945 - Charter 4X longer than league covenant - gen. ass. has all member-states w/all equal votes - need 2/3 majority to pass resolution - security council--5 perm members, 10 rotating members - secretariat--incl. sec. gen., and over 500 ppl w/admin duties - special privilege given to Great Powers - deeply troubled by funding crisis - criticized for being bureaucratic and resistant to change |
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Realism's pessimistic views: (3)
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1) treat states as individual actors w/focus on great powers
2) states are influenced by the anarchic nature of the int'l system (external environment) 3) power calculations dominate state's thinking--compete for power=war |
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How classical realism and structural realism agree (8)
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- human nature is essentially evil/selfish
- desire for power is instinctive -states must follower nt'l interests in anarchic int'l system -state's interests defined in terms of power - military power is the most important - must always question the loyalties of an ally - int'l orgs can't be relied on for security - order can only be achieved through a balance of power |
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Power defn
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ability to make others do what they otherwise would not
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Hard power defined in terms of:
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economic and military power, and technological expertise
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soft power:
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idea of getting others to do what you want by getting other states to want what you want (carrot vs stick)
-soft power flows from ability to exert hard power |
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Balance of power:
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- a system of order in anarchic system in which states act to ensure that no one state dominates the system--must have system of sovereign states
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distinction btwn balance of power and collective security
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- balance of power= 2 worlds or more in confrontation
- ad hoc calculations--does this situation affect me? don't see peace of world directly overlapping security interests -collective security= one world -states identify their own security with the security of the world -int'l orgs set response against aggression |
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3 kinds of polarity
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1) unipolar--single hegemon
2) bipolar--2 poles of power 3) multipolar-- 3-7 poles of power |
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Hegemon defn
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one that controls values, trade orgs, system in the world--the world is seen through these state's eyes
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why bipolarity promotes peace
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- fewer actions= increased certainty
- less prospects for misunderstandings; fewer pts of contention - multi-polar world led to WWI/WWII - post WWII--world was bipolar and there was no war during CW in Europe - more stable b/c more rigid - multipolar--more likely that powers will be unequal-->imbalance of power - unipolar--always states that rebel against unipolar system and rise up |
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How is unipolarity the most stable?
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-many regions of the world have experienced long periods of stability under unipolarity
-a hegemon plays role of central gov't -fewer pts of contact -decreased security competition -idea that there won't be war btwn great powers |
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What is a failed state?
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A state that doesn't have any sort of functioning gov't (ex. Somalia)
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2 types of deterrence
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1) deterrence by denial--convince opponent there is no way they can achieve objectives
2) deterrence by punishment--unacceptable (nuclear) damage in return |
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what are the 2 basic assumptions of deterrence?
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1) deterrence won't work if opponent is irrational
2) deterrence won't work if opponent doesn't take you seriously (need credibility) |
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What did Bernard Brodie say about deterrence?
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up until the nuclear era, the military's purpose was to win war; now with nukes, the military's purpose is to avert wars
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What is the rational actor model?
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-decisions are made in a rational fashion by decision-makers
-decisions are regarded as the product of largely unified and purposeful process based on considerations of available alternatives aimed at selecting the best option |
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what is satisficing?
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Occurs when decision makers examine their available alternatives until they encounter one that meets their minimum std of acceptibility--they then select that alternative w/out proceeding to examine any further options, even though better ones may be available
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describe the organizational process model
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-suggests that decisions are the result of the constraints imposed on decision makers by the bureaucratic organizations that execute the decisions of policymakers
-these come in the form of standard operating procedures -coordination at the top -each dept. has special responsibility -no one has exclusive jurisdiction -require coordination |
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what is a standard operating procedure?
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constraints imposed on decision-makers by the bureaucratic organizations that execute the decisions of policymakers--reflect what an organization is prepared or equipped to do, and limit the range of choices available to the decision maker
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describe the bureaucratic politics model
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-no real coordination at the top, but rather intense competition throughout
-decision-making outputs reflect a process of the process of competition or bargaining among bureaucratic units with divergent perspectives on the issue |
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assumptions of the bureaucratic politics model
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-those who represent different bureaucratic interests w/in the decision-making structure will hold different views on the issue confronting the decision makers;
-where an individual stands on an issue depends on where that individual sits |
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What is a game theory?
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-derived from a rational actor model
-a branch of mathematics concerned with modelling behavior and outcomes under certain proscribed conditions |
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elements of game theory
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-two or more actors provided with a set of alternative policy choices
- expected utility (payoff or gain) influenced by the decisions of others -policy choices of the players are influenced no only by their policy preferences but also by their expectations about the policy preferences of others |
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what are the 4 levels of analysis used to describe state behavior?
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-idealism-->internal nature of state
-realism-->structure of int'l system -classical realism-->nature of individual -structural realism-->nature of system |
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what do liberal idealists say about the nature of war?
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that it is internal--a world populated by democracies will be a peaceful one
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what are the problems with the rational actor model?
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1) do not have knowledge about situations
2) how can one really weight costs and benefits? 3) difficult to rank outcomes 4) are cost/benefit analyses really relevant? |
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Decisions must be made in a larger context. What does this context include? (4)
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1) the external environment
2) the internal environment 3) the perceptions of decision makers 4) time constraints |
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What are the two kinds of games?
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1) Zero sum--> loss by one actor considered a gain for the other
2) non-zero sum--> possible for both players to gain, or both to lose something |
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what are 5 images that decision makers might form of adversaries?
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1) enemy image
2) degenerate image (other state entity that can be exploited as inferior) 3) colony image (seen as weaker/exploitable) 4)imperialist 5) ally image (one state sees prospect to gain by cooperating with other state) |
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what are the advantages and disadvantages of decision-making at the group level?
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-advantage-->rigorous debate possible--find all flaws; group can promote rationality
-disadvantage--> GROUPTHINK--group interferes w/rationality--dominant view emerges and some are afraid to challenge the decision |
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International organization defn.:
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-formal arrangement transcending nt'l borders and providing institutional machinery
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When was the first multilateral treaty?
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The conference of Vienna in 1815
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Characteristics of IGOs (6)
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1) only comprise states
2) created by treaties/have legal status in int'l law 3) regular meetings--delegates representing home countries 4) permanent headquarters 5) permanent personnel--not supposed to represent interests of particular country 6) historically set for different reasons--to ensure trade and good relations, to maintain peace and security |
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what is an NGO?
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-any entities that operate trasnationally (1+ boundary)
-not representing gov't in world affairs |
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What does international organizations theory say?
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1) functionalism-->integration theorists have talked about the gradual supranational cooperation btwn states
-technical cooperation among nation-states --the world of the 20th century getting increasingly complicated-->issues deman cooperation across state boundaries can't be left to politicians who don't understand 2) Neo-functionalism-->stressed the role of mutual self-interest in the construction of institutions whose success would "spill over into other areas of interaction" |
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What is regime analysis?
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-stems from neoliberal preoccupation with interdependence--to cope with this, states form regimes
- a regime is a set of norms, principles, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge |
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-What causal facts are intervening variables in regime analysis?
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int'l circulation and behavior of leaders
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Explain the security regime
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-regularized cooperation of behavior in issues relating to nt'l security
-the security of the state is dependent on the security of other countires -encompasses limited number of states that share a common interest |
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-Three main perspectives on the question of the role of IGOs:
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1) Realists: IGOs are seen as mere instruments of foreign policy: they are little more than political arenas in which members (states) pursue their self-interests
2) Liberal institutionalism: IGOs seen as intervening variable; that is, IGOs and int'l regimes intervene btwn causes and outcomes in world politics--have ltd influence in global politics 3) Functionalism: IGOs seen as autonomous and influential actors, able to command their own resources and significantly alter the int'l system |
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what is the law of nature?
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-derives from human reason and has to be enacted by proper authority (Thomas D'Aquinas)
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What is the central question of int'l law?
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-the achievement of global stds that can be applied w/in the context of respect for the individualism of different localities and geographic areas of the world
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What sources is int'l law derived from?
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-treaties--> most imp b/c seen to bind states to agreements (UN Charter most imp)
-customs -legal scholarship |
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-what can be done if a state rejects or deliberately disobeys int'l law?
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-subject to reprisals--> actions that would have been illegal under int'l law may be legal if taken in response to illegal actions of another state
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What is the problem with reprisals?
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-they are not carried out on a consistent basis
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What are the causes of war (divided into levels of analysis)-10-
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1) biological/psychological
2) frustration 3) behavioral 4) feminist 5) nationalism 6) social/political character of state 7) systemic 8) gain control of territory/acquire wealth/preserve monarchy/spread ideology/reprisals against gov'ts for past injuries 9) preventative 10) history osculates |
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What are the causes of intrastate conflict?
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1) structural--state not capable of addressing ppl's needs
2) grievances--political 3) economic--structural inequalities 4) historical grievances--propaganda from leaders 5) leadership characteristics--opportunistic politicians 6) desire for autonomy |
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Describe the ICJ
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-principal organ of the UN
-cases brought before ICJ voluntarily when both states seek a ruling -provides advisory opinions at request -1/3 states have signed Optional Clause--which gives Court unconditional jurisdiction |
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What are chapter 6 and chapter 7 of the UN Charter?
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Ch. 6-->pacific way to settle war
Ch. 7-->collective security |
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What are chapter 6 and chapter 7 of the UN Charter?
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Ch. 6-->pacific way to settle war
--calls on member states to resolve their disputes through negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement Ch. 7-->collective security --may take military action--incl. demonstrations, blocakade, and other |
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Principles of peacekeeping
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1) consent of parties involved
2) support of security council 3) force composition 4) no great power forces could be involved 5) impartiality 6) use of force in self-defense |
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Changes in peacekeeping brought on by end of CW (5)
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1) number of missions increased dramatically
2) change from addressing inter-state conflict to addressing intra-state conflict 3) size of mission increases 4) composition changed (mil and civilian personnel) 5) new tasks--post CW missions |
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SHIRBRIG
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-attempt to make UN peacekeeping more effective
-Cda and others set up a rapidly deployable peacekeeping operation -Standing High Readiness Brigade |
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Stag Hunt Allegory
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-5 hunters
-no gov't/social structure -hunters have choice--> can cooperate to attain mutually desired goal, or defect from such cooperation if their own indiv. short term need can be satisfied -hunters must collaborate to capture stag -if one hunter encounters a hare, he could defect b/c the hare will satisfy his own needs, but the hunt will be ruined for the other hunters -is it not in the rational self-interest of the hunter to take the hare? -illustrates difficulty of establishing cooperation in an anarchic environment |
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what is humanitarian intervention
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-sovereign states have responsibility to protect their own citizens from avoidable catastrophe, but if state unable to do so, then int'l community has that responsibility
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What are the goals of economic sanctions?
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-force state to alter behavior
-send msg to other states to not undertake such behavior -increse own domestic support on certain issue |
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why are economic sanctions so attractive?
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-not a lot of choices as to how you can modify a state's behavior
-sanctions seem credible b/c 1) they could potentially hurt state A who may want to trade 2) not too risky |
