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32 Cards in this Set

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Aboriginal Self-Government
A demand by Aboriginal groups that they be able to govern themselves. Aboriginals also want recognized that this right is inherent and not gifted by the current power structure.
Aboriginal Title
The Aboriginal claim to land on the basis of traditional occupancy and use rather than treaty, as recognized in the 1973 Calder case and defined in the 1997 Delgamuukw case.
Absent Mandate
The notion that governments come to power without a clear-cut mandate.
Access to Information Act
The 1983 act that gave citizens, journalists, and others the right to access government documents, with certain exceptions, and established the office of Information Commissioner
Act of Union
The 1840 Act that united the colonies of upper and lower Canada into the colony of Canada, partly designed to assimilate the French
Administrative Agencies
Government Agencies established to administer a politically sensitive area of public policy and that operate from an arm's length from the cabinet
Advocacy Advertising
Advertising that advocates a political point of view rather than trying to sell a good or service.
Advocacy, Interest, or Pressure group
Any group that seeks to influence government policy without contesting elections; organizations whose members act together to influence public policy in order to promote their common interest
Affirmative action
A law or program that gives preference to individuals with certain characteristics in the hiring or promotion process
Agreement on Internal Trade
A federal-provincial agreement signed in 1995 in which provinces promised to remove preferences for local individuals and companies and other barriers to the free movement of goods, services and people across provincial borders
Alternate Service Delivery (ASD)
Part of the New Public management movement, ASD embodies a variety of innovative means of providing government services distinct from the traditional model
Meech Lake Accord
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The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial premiers, including Premier of Quebec Robert Bourassa. It was intended to persuade the Province of Quebec to endorse the Canada Act.

:

* a recognition of Quebec as a "distinct society"
* a constitutional veto for Quebec
* increased provincial powers with respect to immigration
* extension and regulation of the right for a reasonable financial compensation to any province that chooses to opt out of any future federal programs
* provincial input in appointing senators and Supreme Court judges
Statute of Westminster
The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo. V c. 4, December 11, 1931) which established a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the British Empire and the United Kingdom, with a few residual exceptions. The Statute remains domestic law within each of the other Commonwealth realms, to the extent that it was not rendered obsolete by the process of constitutional patriation.

The Statute is of historical importance because it marked the effective legislative independence of these countries, either immediately or upon ratification. The residual constitutional powers retained by the Westminster parliament have now largely been superseded by subsequent legislation. Its current relevance is that it sets the basis for the continuing relationship between the Commonwealth realms and the Crown.
Supreme Court Act
The Supreme Court Act is an Act passed by the Parliament of Canada which established the Supreme Court of Canada. It was originally passed in 1875 as the Supreme and Exchequer Courts Act. At the time, the Supreme Court was not the supreme authority on Canadian law, as Supreme Court cases could still be appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
Constitution Act, 1867
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The Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act, 1867, and still known informally as the BNA Act), constitutes a major part of Canada's Constitution. The Act entails the original creation of a federal dominion and defines much of the operation of the Government of Canada, including its federal structure, the House of Commons, the Senate, the justice system, and the taxation system. It received its current name in 1982, with the patriation of the constitution (originally enacted by the British Parliament), however it is still known by its original name in United Kingdom law. Amendments were also made at this time: section 92A was added, giving provinces greater control over non-renewable natural resources.
Constitution Act, 1982
The Constitution Act, 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK)) is a part of the Constitution of Canada. The Act was introduced as part of Canada's process of "patriating" the constitution, introducing several amendments[1] to the British North America Act, 1867, and changing the latter's name in Canada to the Constitution Act, 1867.

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms forms the first thirty-five sections (counting section 16.1, and not counting section 35) of the Constitution Act, 1982.

To the present day, the Government of Quebec has never formally approved of the enactment of the Act, though formal consent was never necessary. The Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords were designed to secure approval from Quebec.
Canada Act of 1982
The Canada Act 1982 (1982 c. 11) is an Act of Parliament passed by the British Parliament that severed all remaining legislative dependence of Canada on the United Kingdom, in a process known as "patriation". It contains the text of the Constitution Act, 1982, in both of Canada's official languages, in Schedule B, and a translation of the main body into French in Schedule A, making it the first Act of Parliament from Great Britain since the middle ages to be passed in French.
Inuit
Inuit

Inuit grandmother and grandchild, 1995
Total population

150,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
Greenland, Canada, Alaska
Languages
English language,
Inuit language,
Eskimo-Aleut languages,
Danish language,
and others
Religion
Christianity, Shamanism, Animism
Related ethnic groups
Aleuts, Yupiks

Inuit (plural; the singular Inuk means "man" or "person") is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, and Alaska, United States. The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages.[2]

The Inuit people live throughout most of the Canadian Arctic and subarctic: in the territory of Nunavut ("our land"); the northern third of Quebec, in an area called Nunavik ("place to live"); the coastal region of Labrador, in an area called Nunatsiavut ("our beautiful land"); in various parts of the Northwest Territories, mainly on the coast of the Arctic Ocean and formerly in the Yukon territory. Collectively these areas are known as Inuit Nunaat.[3][4] In the US, Alaskan Inupiat live on the North Slope of Alaska and the Seward Peninsula. Greenland's Kalaallit are citizens of Denmark.
Metis
The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Inuit, Ojibway, Algonquin, Saulteaux, Menominee, and other indigenous peoples to Europeans and other ethnicities from around the world, and are one of three officially-recognized Aboriginal peoples in Canada, the other two being the First Nations and Inuit. Commonly pronounced /ˈmeɪtiː/ "MAY-tee" or "may-TEE" in English [3], IPA: [meˈtsɪs] in Quebec French, [meˈtis] in Standard French,[4] [mɪˈtʃɪf] in Michif, they are also historically known as Bois Brûlé, mixed-bloods, or Countryborn (Anglo-Métis). Their homeland consists of the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario, as well as the Northwest Territories. The Métis homeland also includes parts of the northern United States (specifically Montana, North Dakota, and northwest Minnesota).
First Nations
First Nations is a term of ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people.
Judicial Commitee of the Privy Council
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, a board of the British Privy Council which, until 1949, served as a court of final appeal for Canada. Drawn from persons who had held high judicial office in Britain, together with a sprinkling of Commonwealth judges, it was formally constituted and given jurisdiction over all colonial courts by acts of the British Parliament in 1833 and 1844.

In 1875 when the SUPREME COURT OF CANADA was established, Justice Minister Edward BLAKE made an unsuccessful attempt to abolish appeals to the Privy Council. The clause intended to carry out this purpose was found to be inoperative and appeals continued from Canada to the Judicial Committee. It was agreed, however, that Canada possessed the authority to regulate the category of appeal which could be taken to London. Thus Canada abolished appeals in criminal cases in 1888.

In 1926 the Privy Council ruled that this limitation was invalid since the Canadian law on which it was based conflicted with the 1844 British statute expressly extending the Judicial Committee's jurisdiction to Canada. The STATUTE OF WESTMINSTER (1931), by giving Canada legislative equality with Britain, allowed the Canadian Parliament to re-enact the prohibition of criminal appeals. Appeals in civil cases would also have been discontinued but for WWII, which postponed hearings on the question. In 1947 the Judicial Committee held that the Parliament of Canada was competent to abolish appeals in civil cases. This was done in 1949, when an amendment to the Supreme Court Act transferred ultimate appellant jurisdiction to Canada.

The Judicial Committee provided 173 major judgements interpreting the BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT. Many of these decisions were believed by Canadian lawyers to contradict the intentions of the Fathers of Confederation, as well as the text of the act, by showing a bias towards provincial powers. The judgements drastically curtailed federal jurisdiction in fields such as trade and commerce and made the general powers of the Dominion, found in s91, subordinate to the specific powers enumerated in s91 and s92. The decentralizing current of the Judicial Committee's decisions, often couched in abstract language, was criticized as showing an unfamiliarity with the problems of Canadian federalism. In the 20th century many Canadian lawyers also felt that it was demeaning for Canada to have to go outside the country for final decisions respecting the constitution.
Royal commission on Dominion/Provincial Relations, or the Rowell/Sirois Comission
Dominion-Provincial Relations, Royal Commission on (Rowell-Sirois Report) A landmark in the development of Canadian FEDERALISM, the commission was established (1937) unilaterally by the federal government to re-examine "the economic and financial basis of Confederation and the distribution of legislative powers in the light of the economic and social developments of the last 70 years."

Commonly named after its successive chairmen, N.W. Rowell and Joseph Sirois, the 3-volume report (1940) recommended a transfer of functions and a shifting of TAXATION power to the federal government and the creation of grants to the provinces to equalize provincial tax revenues, a principle enshrined in the 1982 Constitution. The federal government was to assume responsibility for unemployment insurance and contributory pensions, and full control of personal and corporate income taxes and succession duties, while taking responsibility for provincial debts. A program of National Adjustment Grants was to make payments to poorer provinces. On the grounds of administrative complexity, provincial autonomy and the need for legislative accountability, the commission rejected greater use of the shared-cost programs, which were to become a central device of postwar "co-operative federalism." WWII and opposition by some provinces prevented the adoption of many recommendations; others were introduced piecemeal
Conditional Grants
The general definition of a grant is simply: a transfer of money from one organization to another. In the case of local governments, grants can be one of two types: conditional or unconditional. Conditional grants are monies transferred for a specific purpose that may not be used for any other project. Unconditional grants, on the other hand, can be used for any purpose the recipient sees fit.
Compact Theory
In the Canadian context, compact theory posits that the creation of the Canadian federation was one that consisted of the union of provinces. This theory is in direct opposition to the view that Canada was the creation of the union of "two peoples," a theory often advanced by Quebec nationalists.
Conquest
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The right of conquest is the purported right of a conqueror to territory taken by force of arms. It was sometimes considered a principle of international law until the early 20th century.

Proponents state that this right acknowledges the status quo, and that denial of the right is meaningless unless one is able and willing to use military force to deny it. Further, the right was traditionally accepted because the conquering force, being by definition stronger than any lawfully entitled governance which it may have replaced, was therefore more likely to secure peace and stability for the people, and so the Right of Conquest legitimises the conqueror towards that end.
Block Grant
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

In a federal system of government, a block grant is a large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only general provisions as to the way it is to be spent. This can be contrasted with a categorical grant which has more strict and specific provisions on the way it is to be spent.

An advantage of block grants is that they allow regional governments to experiment with different ways of spending money with the same goal in mind, though it is very difficult to compare the results of such spending and reach a conclusion. A disadvantage is that the regional governments might be able to use the money if they collected it through their own taxation systems and spend it without any restrictions from above.
‘Maitre chez nous’
"Masters of our own house", a slogan in the Parti Liberal that led to their re-election in Quebec in 1962.
Quiet Revolution
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The Quiet Revolution (French: Révolution tranquille) was the 1960s period of intense change in Quebec, Canada, characterized by the rapid and effective secularization of society, the creation of a welfare state (État-providence) and a re-alignment of Quebec's politics into federalist and separatist factions.

The provincial government took over the fields of health care and education, which had been in the hands of the Roman Catholic Church. It created ministries of Education and Health, expanded the public service, and made massive investments in the public education system and provincial infrastructure. The government allowed unionization of the civil service. It took measures to increase Québécois control over the province's economy and nationalized electricity production and distribution.
Maurice Duplessis
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Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis

Duplessis campaigning in the 1952 election.
16th Premier of Quebec
In office
August 17, 1936 – October 25, 1939
Preceded by Louis-Alexandre Taschereau
Succeeded by Adelard Godbout
In office
August 8, 1944 – September 7, 1959
Preceded by Adelard Godbout
Succeeded by Paul Sauvé
Born April 20, 1890(1890-04-20)
Trois-Rivières, Quebec
Died September 7, 1959 (aged 69)
Schefferville, Quebec
Political party Union Nationale
Profession Lawyer
Religion Roman Catholic

Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis (20 April 1890–7 September 1959) served as the premier of the Canadian province of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and 1944 to 1959. A founder and leader of the highly conservative Union Nationale party, he rose to power after exposing the misconduct and patronage of Liberal Premier Louis-Alexandre Taschereau.

His reign is often referred to in Quebec as La Grande Noirceur ("The Great Darkness"), especially due to to the prevalent corruption and for the scandal surrounding the Duplessis Orphans. During the time, the Liberal opposition was unsuccessful in challenging Duplessis' power. Duplessis championed rural areas, provincial rights, anti-Communism and opposed the trade unions.
Federalism
Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. The term federalism is also used to describe a system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces). Federalism is a system in which the power to govern is shared between national and state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often called federalists.

In Canada, federalism implies opposition to sovereigntist movements (usually those of Quebec). The same is historically true in the United States. Advocates of a weaker federal government and stronger state governments are those that generally favor confederation, often related to early "anti-federalists" and later the Confederacy.
Centralized Federalism
A Federalism where power is nationally centralized
Decentralized Federalism
A federation where power is decentralized across subunits.