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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Institution
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A social tool to aggregate human activity; durable, strategic, and purposeful
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Power
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The authoritative allocation of values
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State
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An institution that defines the political community
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Sovereignty
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The monopoly on legitimate violence within a given territory for the purpose of creating and maintaining social order
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Private
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Having the right to exclude others and bar access
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Public
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Everything outside of the right to private exclusion; most often governed by the state
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Democracy
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When people consent and participate in the government
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Federalism
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Power divided by jurisdiction
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Westminster Model
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Power divided by function, then recombined and concentrated in small groups
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Function of Executive Branch
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Enforce laws
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Function of Legislative Branch
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Create laws
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Function of Judicial Branch
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Interpret laws
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Ideology
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How people should think; a systemic approach to understanding political reality via comprehensive, mutually supporting set of ideas
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Exclusive Ideology
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Only your opinion is the correct one
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Expansive Ideology
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Wanting to convince other people to adopt your ideologies
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Deliberate Ideology
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The belief that adhering to an ideology is a choice
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Paired Characteristics of Ideologies
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Individual vs. Collective; Radical vs. Incremental; Equal vs. Hierarchical
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Political Culture
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How we do things here; inclusive, located, and passive
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Two Characteristics of the Consitution
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Written vs. Unwritten (Formal vs. Informal); Rigid vs. Flexible
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Single Member Plurality
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Party with the most votes wins, one representative per district, benefits regionally concentrated parties
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Proportional Representation
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Distribute votes to parties by proportion of the popular vote, does not have direct representation, rewards national parties
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Nationalism
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Creates a basis for sameness and motivate citizens to fight for the nation; is a link between culture/ethnicity/language/place
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Civic Nationalism
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The legal system of belonging
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Ethnic Nationalism
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Bound by culture and ethnic background
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Issues within Nationalism
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Difficulty reconciling diversity, promotes individualization, difficult to arbitrate differences
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Globalization
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Emergence of a transnational economy
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Issues within Globalization
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Undermines the power of the nation-state, creates global inequality
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Benefits of Globalization
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Undermining the power of the state creates freedom, promotes international cooperation
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Super-State Institutions
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Fosters international relationships to maintain globalization and world trade
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Neo-Constitutionalism
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All the signed regulations that perpetuate cheap labour in developing countries
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Multilateralism
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Making agreements with other more powerful nations to assert influence
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Canadian Unilateralism through Petroleum
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Beginning to assert sovereign claims to financially important land
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Problem of Difference
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Canada purports to embrace differences, but when people deviate from the norm it creates problems that are difficult to resolve
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3 Methods of Solving the Problem of Difference
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Exert Power over deviants, convince the deviants to Assimilate, Eliminate the problem by making it less important
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The Quebec Question
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Quebec is economically and culturally distinct; uses language and culture to mobilize the population
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7 Year's War
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The French were defeated by the British who tried to dominate trade, Aboriginal revolted, first treaties with Aboriginals were made
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Regionalism
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A geographically located mode of analysis
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Wallerstein Staples Theory
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Studies power relationships within regions, e.g. towns becomes ghost-towns when industries close
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Idealist Approach to Regionalism
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Equalization transfers, attempting to level out have vs. have-not provinces
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Characteristics of Equalization Transfers
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Highly politicized, provinces claim credit for services rendered with federal equalization transfers, surplus from one province is usually sent to another province
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Race
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A social construct that limits human agency
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Racism
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A belief system informed by placing political importance on race
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Locations of Racialized Politics
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Tend to exist where different races live together, either in "immigrant" societies or between nations
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Historical Reason for Racism
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Provided a solution to imperialism; colonized believed they were "helping" the colonized
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Multiculturalism
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An attempted legal solution to reconciling differences/diversity with the national identity
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3 Methods for Solving Multicultural Conflict
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Socializing conflicting values out of us, discussion of the provenence of mainstream values, requiring government to foster develop of cultures that contribute to Canadian life
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Gender
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A set of social roles and characteristics assigned to match sexual differences; a feeling that binary categoaries are appropriate
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Function of Gender
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An expression of structure, and therefore power
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First Wave Feminism
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Focus on legal/political rights and participation, based on liberal idea of universal equal rights
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Second Wave Feminism (50's)
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Equal participation is expanded to work and economics, spurred by WWII and birth control rights
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Third Wave Feminism (80's)
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Internal division, criticism of white/liberal experience, exploring sexuality
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How is Aboriginal Politics Distinctively Different?
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It is extremely different from "mainstream Canadian culture", experiences asymmetric federalism
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Regionalism in Aboriginal Politics
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Lots of internal variation and difference between communities; cannot define a singular "First Nations experience"
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Structure of Aboriginal Politics (The Main Issue)
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Embedded racial categorization perpetrated by the government
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Judicial Mobilization in Aboriginal Politics
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Using courts to advance causes, has a different legal history (e.g. Treaty process, Berger Inquiry)
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Grassroots Mobilization in Aboriginal Politics
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Bottom-up politics (e.g. Idle no More, Assembly of First Nations
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Driving Factors in Aboriginal Politics
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The problem-based federal dynamic, ambivalence/debate about how to approach the "problem"
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2 Paired Approaches to Aboriginal Politics
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Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up; Assimilation vs. Distinction
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Examples of Top-Down via Assimilation in Aboriginal Politics
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Residential Schools, Flanaganland, White Paper (status by blood percentages)
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Examples of Top-Down via Distinction in Aboriginal Politics
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Reserves, Status, attempt at the Charlottetown Accord
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Examples of Bottom-Up via Assimilation in Aboriginal Politics
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Assembly of First Nations
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Examples of Bottom-Up via Distinction in Aboriginal Politics
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Idle no More, anti-oppressie anti-colonialism approaches/movements
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3 Key Conflicts in Aboriginal Politics
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Land claims, judicial issues, and (re)negotiated sovereignty
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Policy
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A course of deliberate action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address a given problem or interrelated set of problems; both a THING and a PROCESS
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Policy Communities
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Who has a stake in the issue
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Policy Networks
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How the relationships between policy communities are organized
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Information Shift
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Who has information and who controls access to it, which ultimately leads to control of ideas
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2 Characteristics of Public Policy
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Supposed to be an unbiased product of politics but is intensely political, a normative process (decides should and shouldn't)
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Questions that Public Policy Answers
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Why did you do that? How do we get the government to do that?
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Cycle of Policy Production
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Input, Black Box, Output, Outcome, Evaluation
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Policy Production - Input
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Framing of an issue as a public problem and making a commitment to do something about it
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Policy Production - Black Box
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What actually happens in government, called this because the process seems opaque
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Policy Production - Output
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The decision, policies, and budget that result from the Black Box (the intended result)
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Policy Production - Outcome
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The implementation process and costs (the actual result)
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Policy Production - Evaluation
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Examining the process, differences between intended and actual results (output vs. outcome), and efficiency
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Policy - Problem, Goal, Instrument
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ANALYSIS - The type of analysis (e.g. neoliberal or problem-based) spawns solutions that fit the paradigm (e.g. neoliberal solutions or problem-solving)
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Policy - Idea, Structure, Process
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CONTEXT - Focus on the relationship of the issue to its context
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Policy - Instrument Selection
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What information we have access to and what information we choose to use influences decision-making
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Policy - Doern's Cocercive Chain
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Political considerations and financial incentives influence decision-making
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Policy - Institutional Location
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How the issue is understood and addressed is influenced by which department is addressing it
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Mandarin
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High-ranking non-elected members of the public service who support and implement the policies of the government in power
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Minister
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Elected official appointed to head an executive or administrative department of government
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Interest-Base Politics
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Working with the system to get what you want (e.g. wanting to be paid well while working in the public service)
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Politics of Reform
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Making the system work better; working within the confines of the existing system to change it (e.g. electoral reform)
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Revolutionary Politics
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Making a better system; wanting to change the system itself (e.g. Arab Spring, Kyiv Protests)
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2 Levels of Political Engagement
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Via the state and civil society
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Examples of State/Interest-Base Political Engagement
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Lobbying, elections, writing to your MP
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Examples of State/Reform Political Engagement
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Electoral reform- funding, electoral system
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Examples of State/Revolution Political Engagement
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French Revolution, the Arab Spring, Kyiv Protests
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Examples of Civil Society/Interest-Base
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NIMBYism, grassroots organization, professional association
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Examples of Civil Society/Reform Political Engagement
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Charity work, community development, awareness campaigns, ethical consumption
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Examples of Civil Society/Revolution Political Engagement
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Globalization protests, "Occupy"
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Classical Elite Theory
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Most people are stupid and can't handle power, elites are better at managing power and better organized
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Classical Democratic Theory
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More participation is better; deliberative democracy (real democracy with popular participation in the decision-making process)
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3 Characteristics of Political Parties
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An instrument for the legal seizure of power, instrumental (functional) purposes, ideological formations
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6 Functions of Political Parties
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Linkage, interest aggregation, political socialization, voter mobilization, forming government, viable opposition
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Factions
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Historical proto-parties and sub-groups within parties
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Brokerage Model of Political Parties
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Success is based on ability to bring together a large group of people, internally reconcile differences, and present themselves as a unified group
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Issue-Based Political Parties
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Success is based on appealing to people who already have similar values; usually results in smaller parties
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Party Systems
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Having fewer dominant parties limits voters choices: single, dual, multiple, two-plus systems
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Party Discipline in Single-Member Plurality
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Party Discipline is one of the most significant factors in undermining democracy, because representatives will do what their party wants them to rather than what their constituents want
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Party Discipline in Proportional Representation
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Party Discipline is crucial to maintaining accountability, since people vote for a party rather than a person
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Pluralism
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A way of understanding politics based on conflicts between interested groups in society
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Interests Groups
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Groups of people with similar interests
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Social Movements
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Groups of people with similar interests who TAKE ACTION with the goal of making significant change
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Self vs. Public Interest
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Must define your interest as in everybody's interest, appealing to the "collective good"
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Government Recognition of Interests
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Accessing the government is faster but more expensive, shifts political accountability to interest groups
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Government Recognition and The Expert Voice of Interest Groups
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Groups must be able to credibly claim a representative voice for their issue, the expert is then consulted by the government. The group will not risk this powerful relationship with more demonstrative acts.
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Awareness ≠ Action
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Conflict is hugely complex, and awareness compaigns generally promote a simplistic understanding of a complex problem
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