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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between Absolute and Relative Locations? Provide examples!!
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Absolute Location – earth’s grid system (lat. and long.)
Relative Location – commonly known reference "Twin Cities" "Downtown" |
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Economy vs. Polity
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Economy – a system of producing, distributing, and consuming wealth
Polity – the governmental organization of a state. Think politics, this is organizing a state, not handling resources |
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One Logic vs. Two Logic View of Politics
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Two Logic- Economic sub-system and political sub-system ought to be separated
Conservative – seeks a larger “free market” and a smaller polity in order to achieve efficiency Liberal – seeks a smaller “free market” and a larger polity in order to redistribute wealth. So Economics and Politics are separate. One Logic View- There cannot be a separation between the political and economic sub-systems Economic choices are solely dependent on what social-class you belong in. Marxx! |
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Morgan Freid’s Evolution of Political Society
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1- Egalitarian
2- Rank Society 3- Stratified Society 4- State Society |
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Egalitarian
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Small scale, unspecialized, pre-agriculture
Leaderless Sharing of food and resources within a “band” |
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Rank Society
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(Tribal)
1000+ people Larger social scale, some occupational specialization Villages and shifting agriculture Ranking people in society Group collectively owns land: “Our Land not My Land” Status in society does not bestow any benefits |
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Stratified Society
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Towns and sedentary agriculture
Stratified occupation, resources distributed dependent on rank in society Unstable transitional stage of political evolution |
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State Society
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State institutions maintain stratification
City-states (Mesopotamia) to Feudal States to Nation States ****Either join the state or fight for your land*** |
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What are the three facets of teritorriality
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Confinement of certain activities to particular areas by their occupants
Exclusion of certain categories of persons from particular areas by their occupants Defense of areas by their occupants |
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What are the different scales of Territoriality?
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Individual
Family – dwelling units, farmsteads, based on culture Small Group – neighborhoods, communities Large Group – nation-states, most ferociously defended |
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What are the functions of boundaries?
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Separate antagonistic cultural groups
Establish lines of military defense Enclose economically functional area ***No land boundary anywhere in the world combines all these boundaries Nation-state boundaries are some sort of compromise |
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What are the different types of boundaries?
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Antecedent
Subsequent Superimposed Relic |
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Antecedent
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– a boundary established before modern cultural landscapes
Canada/U.S. Border Not likely to cause conflict |
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Subsequent
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– aligned with a cultural landscape
Much of Europe Not likely to cause conflict within borders |
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Superimposed
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– not aligned with culture, but created with
geometric aspects Likely to cause conflict Africa, drawn by colonial powers |
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Relic
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- no longer exist as international borders
Often leave behind a trace in local culture Example of the reunification of Germany where different levels of prosperity still show between east and west |
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Whats the difference between a nation, a state, and a nation-state
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Nation – group of like minded individuals
Based on language, religion, or culture Belief in a shared past and common future Nationalism De Jure = by law vs. De Facto = by fact From Latin “Nasci” meaning to be born People are born into a nation State – is a sovereign country Politically independent and self-governing, exercising foreign policy Nation-State – geopolitical expression of a politically independent and self-governing group of like-minded people Rather new phenomenon |
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Treaty of Berlin (1885)
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Divided Africa between the European Countries of France, Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal
New Boundaries did not take into consideration tribal territory or culture Tribes were separated or forced together (often tribes that did not like one another) The major catalyst for problems of Africa today |
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Characteristics of Boundaries
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Frontier – area or zone of separation between states, now rare
Concerned more about people, than race Boundary – line of no width dividing states A political abstraction drawn on the ground Or a line of political sovereignty |
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Centripetal vs. Centrifugal Forces
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Centripetal Force – some force that acts as a unifying force (nationalism)
Raison d’etre – reason for being For example: Israel, the Jewish faith Centrifugal Force – a force that disrupts internal order and encourages the destruction of a country Civil war |
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Supranationalism
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International organizations of 3 or more countries created for the mutual benefit and the achievement of a shared objectives
Examples: United Nations, NATO, NAFTA, OPEC, WTO Goals of each organization are based on the purpose of the organization and the needs of its members |
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Problems with Supranationalism
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No main body of laws
If a country doesn’t want to abide by them, they don’t have to Countries can opt out of the organization Typically dominated by the strongest For example, U.N. Security Council strongest wing, permanent members only get a veto (U.S., U.K., France, Russia, and China) Organizations may have nothing to back up their claims (no strong army) |
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What are the prerequisites in obtaining land
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Occupation
Prescription Conquest Annexation Voluntary Cession Accretion Acquisition of Rights |
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Occupation
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Originally based on claims of discovery
European colonization Discovery concept challenged by 18th Century (American Revolution) Effective Occupation – use of force to maintain control of land Today, land disputes from this are still ongoing Canada, New Zealand, and Australia most active |
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What is first nation
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canada's indigenous people
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Prescription
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Area claimed by a state is occupied by another for many years without serious objection by the original claimant, the title is considered abandoned and may pass to the occupying state
Not many examples today, small islands Much more common at the local scale BUT, boundary demarcations and technology hinder claims |
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Conquest and Annexation
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Conquest – forceful action of taking land
Annexation – is the legal action of making conquered land part of the state Kuwait in 1990 good example Iraq occupied and annexed Kuwait |
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Voluntary Cession
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Passing territory from one country to another by agreement
Christmas Island |
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Accretion
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the addition of land to a State by natural processes
River boundaries are difficult to maintain due to nature of rivers Hawaii and Rio Grande River (Chamizal, 1963, El Paso, Texas) |
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Acquisition of Rights
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Transfers of land in the form of leases
Hong Kong Servitude – restriction on the sovereignty of a State over its own territory Panama Canal DMZ between North and South Korea |
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Different shapes of countries
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Compact
Elongated Prorupt – Fragmented – Perforated – Enclave – Exclave – |
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Theory Behind Compact States
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1. Boundary shortest possible
2. Most effective for communication and transportation 3. Most easily maintained |
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Elongated
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– at least six times long as wide
Norway, Chile, Italy, Togo Can be difficult to maintain because it can cross many cultural or economic borders |
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Compact
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– appearing nearly round or rectangular
Poland, Cambodia |
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Prorupt –
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having both compact and elongated attributes
Thailand or Democratic Republic of the Congo Often face difficulties of cohesion because the most important area may far removed from the area with the most problems |
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Fragmented –
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country is spread out and separated by barriers
Often by water Malaysia, Philippines Pakistan and East Pakistan (today Bangladesh) Capital city must be located somewhere, giving them more power than other areas |
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Perforated –
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State that is completely enclosed by another State
Lesotho |
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Enclave –
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territory surrounded by the territory of another state
Lesotho, The Vatican |
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Exclave –
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a territory belonging to one State that is embedded within another state or separated from its homeland by another state
West Berlin (owned by Germany), Kaliningrad |
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What is a Unitary State?
-What are there characteristics? Provide examples |
a sovereign state governed as one single unit in which the central government is supreme and any administrative divisions (subnational units) exercise only powers that the central government chooses to delegate. Many states in the world have a unitary system of government.
UK |
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Regional State
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a state more centralized than a federation, but less centralized than an unitary state. Regional states include federations in which power has become more centralized, and unitary states in which some power has been devolved to regional governments. This term has yet to become widely used.
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Federation, Federal State
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is a type of sovereign state characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central (federal) government. In a federation, the agonizing of self-governing status of the component states is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of the central government.
US, Russia |
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Functional Region
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A region with a purpose. Ex. A mall is a functional region for shopping.
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