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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the steps in which decision making occurs?
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1. Identify a problem, accurately recognize and diagnose a problem.
2. Specify Goal 3. Identify all the possible courses of action or strategies. 4. specify utility values in terms of their importance. 5. Identify all consequences-utility 6. Choose the solution to the problem. |
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What does Lindblom say about the root method?
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-Lindblom says that no one follows the root method, they either achieve rationality or not.
"All sorts of hurdles to achieve decision making" |
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What does Lindblom say the root method focuses on?
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It focuses on the symptoms and not the root problems. They rarely find any consensus or agreement on what the problem is
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What are the cons of Decision Making?
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-It takes resources
-We only look at some courses of action -It prohibits the learning of all consequences, we don't know all the consequences, just assumptions. |
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Incremental method is also known as the what?
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Branch Method
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What are sunk costs?
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All values that have been invested that are inevitable.
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Because the time period is present, you will never be focused on what?
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long term goals
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Implications of Incrementalism as a prescriptive model
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No real long term goals, just alleviating the symptoms.
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The flow chart was part of which model?
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Mixed-Scanning Model
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The test of Incrementalism is
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the strategy, not the dollar value.
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The dollar value may be different but....
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The basic strategy is the same.
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Fundamental Changes result in
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A drastic change in strategy.
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Mixed Scanners are dominated by the what?
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The Present, even though Etzioni says we try to coordinate the two.
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Budgeting is ______ to politics
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Central to politics(the essence of making decisions) Budget represents a process of allocating resources. In its simplest budgeting is a war of counting and keeping track of finances.
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Discretionary Budgeting
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The part of the budget that both the president/congress have the ability to make a decision on what they're going to spend.
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Mandatory Budgeting
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Annually the president/congress don't have the ability to make a decision
Ex: Medicare, Medicaid. A law of congress must be changed to change this. |
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The Executive Budget Process, Pertaining to the Federal government
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Federal- puts the president in charge of preparation and confirmation.
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The concern of Financial corruption is handled through what
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accountability for expenditures, accountability through control
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Administrative integration
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don't spend money frivolously
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Spending that is contradictory is...
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Inefficient
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Why does the Local Government succeed in so much when it comes to budgeting?
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-Budget was small and process wasn't complicated.
-No Comprehensive Budget |
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The president now has a role in budgeting, this is caused because of what?
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The Civil War
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What are the three general patters of Governmental Behavior
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1. Growth of the role of the federal government's authority in Economy
2.Change in the federal governments role, expand federal govt behavior. Planning + Budgeting 3. Change in the role of the office of the Presidency. |
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Describe the Growth of the role of the Federal Government's authority in the Economy
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respect to regulating and monitoring the economy. Federal govt became a much more active player. Federal govt had to protect the growth of the national government.
Ex: Interstate Commerce Commission |
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Describe the Change in the federal governments role, expand federal govt behavior. Planning + Budgeting
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Monetary policy= setting of interest Rates
Fiscal Policy= governments attempt to a good economy by spending money. |
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Describe the change in the role of the office of the presidency
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Congress holds the power of the purse.
Presidency Growth of power. |
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Budget Act of 1921
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1. Created and mandated the federal budget process that we have today...executive process.
2. GAO- general accountability office-> created for congress to be its accountant. 3.B.O.B. -O.M.B. (1971) Richard Nixon changed to manage the budget. |
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C.E.A.
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council of economic advisers- important role in budget preparation, assumptions, and potential economic activity.
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C.B.O.
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Congressional Budget office- created in 1974 essentially as a part of a congressional representation of the budget process.
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What did the C.B.O. do to Congress?
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Congress felt at a disadvantage, congress had power of the purse but not the capacity.
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Comprehensive Operating Budget
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Fiscal and Financial resources (regular recurring expenditures)
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Capital Budget
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Major one time only expenditures
Ex: Bridge to Nowhere |
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Object of Expenditure Technique (line/item budgeting)
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Developed as a specific response to the reform pressure of control and accountability. Meant to deliver on control and accountability by focusing on lines and items.
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Line item budget focuses attention on what?
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inputs
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Line Item Budgeting asks which question?
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What will I need to do to run the agency next year?
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Line/Item budget makes you what kind of decision maker?
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Incremental Decision Maker
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Line/Item doesn't provide a lot of what?
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Management Utility, no real return, sometimes required
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The Control and Accountability of money requires which kind of budgeting?
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Line/Item budgeting
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Unit Cost Measures allows us to do what?
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allows us to evaluate efficiency with what was done in the past
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Performance Budget Focuses more on what?
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how agency reforms, Reformation in terms of efficiency.
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Pure Performance Budget: ( 3 Factors)
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1. Workload Indicators
2. Cost Data 3. Unit Cost Measure (activities) |
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In practice Real Performance Budgeting will also have
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Line/Item Breakdown
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By looking at efficiency we are able to manage....
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outputs
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Public Budgeting Emphasizes what?
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management
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Line/Item budgeting emphasizes what?
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control and accountability.
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Public budgeting asks what?
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How can i be more efficient?
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Incremental budgeter
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Line/Item- what you spend on inputs next year, adjusts on the margin, becoming an incremental decision maker.
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Performance budgeting uses what scanning model?
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Mixed/scanning budgeting, adjusting doesn't always get the cost that you want. Focus on inputs/outputs and interested in management and efficiency
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Performance Budgeting does not deliver to the managers the ability to what?
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check outcomes which dignify consequences and the ability to plan for the future. This is supposed to give knowledge to the consumer.
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Planning Programming Budgetary System
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designed to address the limitations of program budgeting.
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Program Budgeting emphasizes what?
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plan for achievement of goals
focuses attention on inputs, outputs, alternatives..etc. |
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Program Budgeting asks what question?
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What is my goal?
Alternative course of action? a whole set of systematic questions |
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Program Budgeting promises what?
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Comprehensive Decision Making
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Characteristics of Program Budgeting
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1.Program classification
2.Detail Narrative 3.Multi-year time frame 4.Quantitive analysis alternative 5.Zero base assumption that just because we spent money on it last year, doesn't mean that we will spend money on it next year. |
