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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Government
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The formal vehicle through which policies are made and affairs of state are conducted
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Monarchy
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A form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern in the inerests of all
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Toltalitarian state
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A form of government in which power resides in a leader who rules according to self-interest and without regard for individual rights and liberties
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oligarchy
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A form of government in which the right to participate is conditioned on the possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievment
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Mayflower Compact
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Document written by the pilgrims while at sea enumerating the scope of their government and its expectations of citizens
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Naturalization
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is the acquisition of citizenship and nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born
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Department of Homeland Security
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responsibilities of protecting the territory of the U.S. from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.
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Pilgrims
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The early settlers of the Plymouth Colony who left for the New World in early 17th century
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John Locke
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The Father of Liberalism
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Thomas Hobbes
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English philosepher, established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy
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Social contract
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An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed
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Declaration of Independence
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Document drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that proclaimed the right of the American colonies to separate from Great Britain
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indirect democracy
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A system of goverment that gives citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives who work on their behalf
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Republic
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A government rooted in the consent of the governed; a representative or indirect democracy
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American political culture
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Democratic values like liberty, equality, individualism, democracy, justice, the rule of law, nationalism, optimism, and idealism
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Popular sovereignty
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The notion that the ultimate authority in society rests with the peopl
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collectivism
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a term used to describe any moral, political, or social outlook, that emphasizes the interdependence of every human in some collective group and the priority of group goals over individual goals. ...
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individualism
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A belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence
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Political ideology
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The coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals
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liberals
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a political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution
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conservatives
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One who belives that a government is best that governs least and that big government should not infinge on individua, personal, and economic rights
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moderates
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A person who takes a relatively centrist or middle of the road view on most political issues
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libertarians
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One who believes in limited government and no governmental interference in personal liberties
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American dream
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An american ideal of a happy, succesful life, which often includes wealth, a house, a better life for one's chidlren and for some the ability to grow up to be president
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26th Amendment
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limited the minimum voting age to no more than 18
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Committee of Correspondence
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Shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of American Revolution
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First Continental Congress
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A convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies that met on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution.
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Thomas Jefferson
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Author of the Decleration of Independence
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Second Continental Congress
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Iron out the differences with the King
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Articles of Confederation
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Was the first constitution of the United States and specified how the Federal government was to operate, including adoption of an official name for the new nation, United States of America.
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Confederacy
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A union of confederates
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Constitution
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A document establishing the structure functions and limitation of a government
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Shay's Rebellion
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was an armed uprising in central and western Massachusetts (mainly Springfield) from 1786 to 1787. The rebellion is named after Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolutionary war. Daniel Shays and Job Shattuck, the two main rebels.The rebellion started on August 29, 1786, and by January 1787, over one thousand Shaysites had been arrested. A militia that had been raised as a private army defeated an attack on the federal Springfield Armory by the main Shaysite force on February 3, 1787, and four rebels were killed in the action.
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Constitutional
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Establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government
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Virginia Plan
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Notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.
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New Jersey Plan
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Was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposed by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan's call for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population or direct taxes paid
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Great Compromise
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The final dcision of the Constitutional Convention to create a two house legislature with the lower house elected by the people and with powers divided between the two houses It also made national law supreme.
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Three-Fifths Compromise
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Agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention stipulating that each slave was to be counted as three fifts of a person for purposes of determining population for representation in the US House of Representatives
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electoral college
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Representatives of each state who cast teh final ballots that actually elect a president
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Checks and Balances
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A constitutionally mandated structure that gives each of the three branches of government some degree of oversight and control over the actions of the others
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elastic clause
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A statement in the US Constitution granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the list of powers it was granted.
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supremacy clause
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Portion of Article VI of the US Constitution mandating that natioinal law is supreme to all other laws passed by the states or by any other subdivision of government
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bicameral legislature
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A two house legislature
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unicameral legislature
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A legislature with one chamber or house.
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enumerated powers
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Seventeen specific pwers granted to Congress under Article I section 8 of the constitution
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Anti-Federalists
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Those who facored strong state governments and a weak national government opposed the ratification of the US Constitution
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Federalists
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Those who favored a stronger national fovernment and supported the proposed US Constitution later became the first US political party
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Federalist Papers
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A series of 85 political essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay in support of ratification of the US Constitution
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Full faith and credit clause
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Section of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state
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Congressional implied powers
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Congress has the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
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Concurrent powers
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Powers shared by the national and state governments
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federalism
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A system of national government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of regions with delimited self-governing authority; Advocacy of such a system
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Article IV
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defines the relations between the states. It requires each state to give "full Faith and Credit" to the laws of the other states; establishes that citizens are entitled to the same "Privileges and Immunities," or liberties and rights, as citizens in every other state
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Police power
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Police power is the capacity of a state to regulate behaviors and enforce order within its territory, often framed in terms of general welfare, morals, health, and safety.
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bills of attainder
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a law declaining an act illegal without a judicial trial
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ex post facto laws
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Law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed
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interstate compacts
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Contacts between states that carry the force of law generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns
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Gibbons vs Ogden
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was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution
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McCulloch vs Maryland
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was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland
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New Federalism
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Federal state relationship proposed by Reagan adminstration during the 1980's hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments
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special district
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A local government that is responsible for a particular function, such as schools, water, swerage, or parks
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Fiscal federalism
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understanding which functions and instruments are best centralized and which are best placed in the sphere of decentralized levels of government
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sovereign immunity
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an exemption that precludes bringing a suit against the sovereign government without the government's consent; "the doctrine of sovereign immunity originated with the maxim that the king can do no wrong"
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10th amendment
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The Tenth Amendment explicitly states the Constitution's principle of federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to the states by the Constitution of the United States are reserved to the states or the people.
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9th amendment
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addresses rights of the people that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.
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dual federalism
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The belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement
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cooperative federalism
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The intertwined relationship between the national, state, and local governments that began with the New Deal
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Dred Scott vs Stanford
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people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens
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Due process of law
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A fundamental, constitutional guarantee that all legal proceedings will be fair and that one will be given notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard before the government acts to take away one's life, liberty, or property
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Bill of Rights
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The first ten amendments to the US Constitution which largely guarantee specific rights and liberties
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Gitlow vs New York
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which ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain provisions of the First Amendment—specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press—to the governments of the individual states.
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Near vs Minnesota
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recognized the freedom of the press
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fundamental freedom
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Those rights defined by the court to be essential to order liberty and justice and therefore entitled to the highest standard of review
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nationalization
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is the act of taking an industry or assets into the public ownership of a national government or state
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incorporation
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is the process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states
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First Amendment
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The amendment prohibits the making of any law "respecting an establishment of religion", impeding the free exercise of religion, infringing on the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances.
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Establishment clause
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The first clause of the First Amendment it directs the national governmentt not to sanction an official religion
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Lemon Test
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Three part test created by the Supreme Court for examining the consitutionality of religious establishment issues
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Habeas Corpus
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legal action, through which a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention
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Espionage Act of WWI
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prescribed a $10,000 fine and 20 years' imprisonment for interfering with the recruiting of troops or the disclosure of information dealing with national defence.
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clear and present danger test
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Test articulated by the supreme court in Schenck vs US to draw the line between protected and unprotected speech. The court looks to see whether the words used could create a clear and present danger that they will bring about substantive evils that congress seeks to prevent
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symbolic speeches
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Symbols signs and other methods of expression generally considered to be protected by the first amendment
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libel
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Written statement that defames a persons character
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Miranda vs Arizona
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trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them.
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Gideon vs Wainwright
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the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford their own attorneys.
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NAACP
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National Association for the Advancment of Colored People
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ACLU
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American Civil Liberties Union
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Griswold vs Connecticut
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the Supreme Court invalidated the law on the grounds that it violated the "right to marital privacy".
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Roe vs Wade
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Abortion law
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abolitionists
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People who didnt want slavery
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Seneca Fall Convention
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an early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19–20, 1848
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13th amendment
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officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime
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Black codes
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Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves, passed by souther states following the Civil War
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
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a federal law in the United States declaring that everyone born in the U.S. and not subject to any foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude.
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14th amendment
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prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness
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15th amendment
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prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen suffrage based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude
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Jim Crow Laws
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Laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations
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Poll Taxes
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a tax levied in many souther states and loclities that had to be paid before an elgible voter could cast a ballot
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Grandfather clauses
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Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those whose grandfathers had voted before reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy testt
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Civil War Amendments
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The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments were important to the Civil Rights Movement.
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Emancipation Proclamation
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an executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War under his war powers. It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced
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Plessy vs Ferguson
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seperate but equal
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Missouri vs Gaines
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decision holding that states that provide a school to white students must provide in-state education to blacks as well
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Sweat vs Painter
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case that successfully proved lack of equality, in favor of a black applicant, the "separate but equal" doctrine
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Brown vs Board of Education
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declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.
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19th amendment
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prohibits any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on gender.
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Civil Rights of 1964
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outlawed major forms of discrimination against blacks and women, including racial segregation
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Affirmative Action Programs
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Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group
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de facto discimination
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Racial discrimination that results from practice rather then law
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de jure discrimination
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Racial segregatino that is a direct result of law or official policy
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strict scrutiny
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A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice
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suspect classification
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Category or class such as race that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court
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intermediate standard
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the middle level of scrutiny applied by courts deciding constitutional issues through judicial review
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration
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Korematsu vs United States
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case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II.
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LULAC
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League of United Latin American Citizens
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Dawes Act of 1887
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regarding the distribution of land to Native Americans in Indian Territory
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Lawrence vs Texas
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the justices struck down the sodomy law in Texas.
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Regents of the University of California vs Bakke
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permissible scopefactors in an admissions program, but only for the purpose of improving the learning environment through diversity in accordance with the university's constitutionally protected First Amendment right to Academic Freedom
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