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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
define biostatistics
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the study of methods and procedures for collecting, summarizing and analyzing data about health and disease; also making inferences from such data
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differentiate between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention
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-primary; prevent disease before it occurs
-secondary; screening for dz precursors b4 symptoms present -tertiary: retard the effects of a condition |
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who provides the majority of public health services in the US
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goovernment
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what are todays leading causes of death
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1. heart disease
2. cancer 3. stroke 4. accidents |
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what are 3 components of all disease
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1. host
2. agent 3. environmental components |
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how are risk categories for health workers defined
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category 1: frequent, direct contact with blood and body fluids
2. infrequent (xray techs, EKG tech) 3. seldom (receptionist) |
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what is the largest govt agency involved in health care and when was it formed
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-Dept of health and human services in 1979
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what are the major components of DHHS
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-office of human development
-public health service -health care financing admin -SSA |
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how does the health care financing admin (HCFA) function
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its primary function is to run medicare and medicaid
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what major health programs were provided for in the 1965 amendments to the Social Security Act
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Title 18 - medicare
Title 19 - medicaid |
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what is Medicare part A and B
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A - (involuntary) inpatient care, home health and outpatient diag services
B - (voluntary with monthly premium by pts) for doctors fees |
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who does Title 19 Medicaid cover
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-families of dependent children
-blind -disabled |
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prospective study
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follows a group of patients forward in time
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what is a PRO
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professional review organization
-determines medical necessity -quality of care -appropriateness of care -tied to DRG's |
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retrospective study
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begins at present time and looks backward
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list common types of clinical studies
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-prospective
-retrospective -descriptive -observational -interventional -clinical trials -case controlled studies (retro and observational) -cohort studies |
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prevalence rate
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all cases of dz at given time/estimated population x 1000
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incidence
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new cases of disease per unit time/estimated population x 1000
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false positive
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persons w/o disease that tested positive/total non diseased
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false negative
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persons with dz that tested negative/total diseased
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sensitivity (true positive)
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number positives with disease/total with disease present
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specificity (true neg)
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number negatives without disease/those without disease
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differ mean, median, mode
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mean: numerical average
median; middle value in a set of numbers mode: most frequently occurring value |
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measures of variability are used to measure scatter or dispersion (range and std dev); describe them
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range: the largest value minus the smallest value
std dev: normal curve where data lies |
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how much data lies in 2 std dev, 3 std dev?
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2 std dev = 95.45%
3 std dev = 99% |
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what does statistical significance mean
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a result that cant be explained by chance
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null hypothesis
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negative reasoning that treatment A is no different then treatment B
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what is a chi squared test
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demonstrates whether or not there is an assoication b/w a factor and an outcome
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who issues an indictment
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a grand jury; the accused is absent
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who issues a license to practive pod med
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state medical board
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Due Process of Law prevents revocation of DPM license without...
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"hearing after notice"
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what entity issues an indictment; is the accused present
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grand jury, no accused is not present
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what is the diff between a "claims made" malpractice insurance policy and a "occurence" policy
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-occurence covers you even if you changed insurance companies
-"claims made" policy must be in force when the claim is filed, not when malpractice occurred |
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what is tort
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a private wrong not based on contract
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what is an injunction
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a court order to do or to refrain from doing a specific act
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when are punitive damages awarded
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only when intentional torts are involved (a private wrong not based on contract)
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a malpractice case will not be tried before a jury unless..
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either party demands a jury
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when may a civil malpractice caw be tried in US district court (division of fed court)
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when the matter is over $75K
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on whom is the burden of proof in a malpractice case
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on the plaintiff, by a "preponderance of the evidence"
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under what rule may a doctor be responsible for his nurses negligence
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under the rule of respondeat superior
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what is the degree of care required by a podiatrist
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the national std of care
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what is the primary fxn of an expert witness
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to render an opinion regarding proximate causation(event sufficiently related to an injury)and standard of care
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is a doctor who exercises the utmost care but gets a bad result, still liable
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only if he promised or guranteed a result that wasnt acheived
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if the doctor didnt get a consent signed, what is the doctor guilty of
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battery
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what are the elements of malpractice
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there must be:
-a duty -a breach of duty -damage -causal relationship between the breach of duty and the damage (proximate cause) |
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Voir Dire
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the selection and questioning of jurors
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stare decisis
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the rule that a court tends to follow, from previous decision based on similar facts
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threat of physical harm
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assault
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slander
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false, malicious, spoken, publicized statement
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can punitive damages be awared in a successful slander suit
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yes
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what is the first document filed in a a court, in a malpractice case
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the complaint
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how is the doctor pt relationship usually established
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by implied contract, without verbally expressed terms
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which medicare is supplemental
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medicare part B, for which the policy holder pays a premium
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what is the diff b/w a crime and a tort
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-crimes are violations of statute or ordinance against the govt ot public
-torts are private wrong not based on contract |
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what are the classifications of controlled substances
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Schedule I: high abuse potential, no medical use
2: high abuse potential, accepted medical use 3: high abuse potential, but lower then schedule 1 and 2 4: low abuse potential, abuse may cause limited dependence 5; same as 4 but to lower degree |
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where do narcotics fall on the controlled substances schedules
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2,3,4
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when is "convenant not to compete" vaild
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-when it is reasonable as to duration and geographic event
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the governmental power to regulate the practice of PodMed is derived from what power of the state
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the states police power
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is residence in a state required to get a license for pod med in that state
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no
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in a malpractice case based on negligence, what types of damages are awarded
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-compensatory damages
-possibly loss of consortium (loss of relationship with family, spouse sexual relationship, etc) |
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if u treat a pt at the scene of an accident, can u be liable
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no, as long as no compensation was paid to you or expected
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what is libel
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written defamatory statement
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what is slander
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spoken defamation
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can a doctor shelter his assets from malpractice claimant, after a claim is filed by transferring his assets
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no, he may be subject to both civil and criminal liability
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what is the generic term for civil wrongs other then breach of contract
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tort
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what is the statute of limitations, is it the same in every state
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-the time period in which a malpractice suit can be filed
-it is not the same in every state |
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under what circumstances can the staute of limitations be extended
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-when the pt is a minor
-when the doctor is out of state -where the dr conceals the pts true condition -where the pt did not promptly discover the condition |
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what is an interrogatory
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-technique of discovery inwhich one party answers written questions fromt eh other party
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what is a depostion
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technique of discovery in which witnesses and parties are orally questioned and cross examined
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subpoena duces tecum
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technique of discovery that requires production of books and records for examination by the other party
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what is a motion
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a document filed with the court in which the moving party asks the court to take some action
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motion of summary judgement
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- a common motion in malpractices cases
-one party (usually the defendant) asks the court to decide the case based on the law only, as there is no dispute concerning the fact: settled w/o jury/trial (ex, can be used if the plaintiff cant find an expert witness to prove their case) |
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doctrine of res ipsa loquitur (the thing speaks for itself)
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-the plaintiff tries to show a breach of the std of care w/o direct evidence
-ex; forceps found in a pts abdomen |