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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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viruses that are maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible vertebrate hosts by hemotophagous arthropods are?
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arboviruses
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what are the 5 infection cycles for arboviruses?
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1. human / mosquito
2. bird / mosquito 3. mammal / mosquito 4. mammal / tick 5. mammal / sandfly |
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describe the bird mosquito cycle?
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wild bird -> rural mosquito -> domesticated bird -> domestic mosquito -> human
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describe the mammal mosquito cycle?
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wild mammal -> rural mosquito -> transovarial, other mammal, or human infection
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describe the mammal tick cycle?
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wild mammal -> ixodid tick -> human or other mammal
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describe the mammal sandfly cycle?
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wild rodent -> sandfly -> human or other mammal
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What do I have? I got bit by a Haemogagogus mosquito which first bit a colobus monkey.
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yellow fever
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Where was I? Aedes aegypti bit me giving me yellow fever.
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central/south America
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Where was I? Aedas simpsoni bit me giving me yellow fever.
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Africa
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What do I have? I have lesions of the midzonal hyaline necrosis with the formation of Councilman bodies.
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Yellow Fever
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In fatal cases of ____, patients present with jaundice, severe hepatic necrosis, multiple areas of hemorrhage, and renal necrosis?
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yellow fever
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what does the Yellow Fever virus primarily infect?
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vascular endothelial cells and hepatic cells
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What do I have? I have mild jaundice 3 days after my infection and sudden onset of flue-like symptoms.
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Yellow Fever
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What do I have? I have gastrointestinal hemorrhagin which result in melena. In addition, I have epistaxis and gum bleeding.
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Yellow fever
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What is diagnosis for Yellow Fever based on?
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virus isolation and rising antibody titers
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What virus am I? Infection is controlled by reducing mosquito populations and by giving a attenuated virus vaccine that is availible and protective.
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Yellow Fever
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What virus am I? I am also known as breakbone fever.
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Dengue
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What am I? My etiologic agent is a flavivirus with 4 antigenic types.
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Dengue Fever
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What am I? I am endemic to all tropical regions and am often seen in the US on the southern border of Texas and in people returning from the Caribbean.
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Dengue Fever
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What am I? Humans in tropical region across the world are my definitive host and I am mainly passed around via Aedes aegypti.
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Dengue Fever
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What am I? I am a virus and I primarily infect monocytes although I can also infect endothelial tissues.
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Dengue Fever
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what causes some poeple to get Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever instead of the normal Dengue Fever?
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previous exposure to a different Dengue Fever serotype causes the presence of non-neutralizing antibodies and accentuates the infection and clinical signs leading to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
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What am I? My incubation time is 5-11 days after which patients present with acute fibrile illness with flue-like symptoms, retro-ocular headaches, and arthralgia.
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Dengue Fever
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What am I? Patients under 14 (60%) can present with maculopapular rash resembling measles for about 2-7 days?
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Dengue Fever
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How is Dengue Fever diagnosed?
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virus isolation and serology
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What am I? Preventative/control measures that are availible include mosquito control and the use of experimental live-attenuated vaccines that often result in symptoms similar to the illness they are preventing.
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Dengue Fever
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What are the 7 viruses that are endemic in the US and can cause arbovirus encephalitis?
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1. Easter Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
2. Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) 3. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) 4. St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) 5. California Encephalitis (CE) 6. Powassan 7. West Nile Virus (WNV) - technically not endemic yet, but becoming more so |
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Which of the arbovirus encephalitis agents in the US have a wild bird reservoir? (4)
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EEE, WEE, SLE, WNV
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Which of the arbovirus encephalitis agents in the US have a small mammal reservoir? (3)
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CE, VEE, Powassan
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Which of the arbovirus encephalitis agents in the US have a tick as the vector rather than a mosquito? (3)
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Powassan
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What am I? I infect vascular endothelium (esp. the in the brain) and neurons of the CNS.
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Arbovirus Encephalitis
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What am I? My incubation time is 4-14 days and I present with flu-like symptoms, neck stiffness, drowsiness, and eventually disorientation.
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Arbovirus Encephalitis
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how long does it take to recovery fully from Arbovirus Encephalitis?
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2-3 weeks
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What am I? I am diagnosed by CSF revealing leukocytosis with normal glucose and protein, viral isolation, and seroligical evaluation.
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Arbovirus Encephalitis
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What is the treatment for Arbovirus Encephalitis?
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supportive
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which Arbovirus Encephalitis agents have vaccines for horses?
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WEE, EEE, VEE
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which Arbovirus Encephalitis agents have experimental vaccines which are used to protect research workers or people in potential epidemics?
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WEE, EEE, VEE
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what is true for prevention of all diseases carried by mosquitoes?
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reducing mosquito population reduces disease transmission
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What am I? I am caused by Rickettsia rickettsia.
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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What type of parasite is Rickettsia rickettsia?
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obligate intracellular
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What am I? My difinitive hosts are ticks such as brown dog tick, american dog tick, and rocky mountain wood tick and I am found all over the US?
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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How does Rickettsia rickettsia infect humans?
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tick is infected transovarialy or by biting infected mammal -> tick bites human or other animal spreading Rickettsia rickettsia
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What am I? I infect vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells causing destruction which results in hemorrhage.
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rickettsia rickettsia
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What am I? I am the most severe of spotted fevers.
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rickettsia rickettsia
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What am I? Patients become ill 2 weeks after tick bite and there is no eschar at the site of tick bite.
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rickettsia rickettsia
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What am I? 3-5 days after initial symptoms a maculopapular rash developes beginning on the extremities and spreading to the trunk.
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rickettsia rickettsia
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What am I? I result in vascular damage leading to hemorrhagic rash, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and CNS deficits?
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rickettsia rickettsia
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What am I? Black males deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase often develope a fulminant form of ___ that may kill them in as little as 5 days from onset.
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rickettsia rickettsia
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What am I? The most sensitive and specific diagnostic test is immunohistochemical detection from a biopsy or autopsy material.
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rickettsia rickettsia
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what is the treatment for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rickettsia rickettsia?
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Tetracyclines and supportive care
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what is the best prevention for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rickettsia rickettsia?
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tick control
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What am I? I am caused by Rickettsia conorii and am carried by the brown dog tick and present the same way as Rickettsia ricketssia infection.
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Mediterranean Spotted Fever: Rickettsia conorii
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What am I? I am caused by Rickettsia akari and am transmitted via mites.
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Rickettsialpox
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what are the 2 major differences between rickettsialpox and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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1. presence of local eschar in rickettsialpox
2. Much lower mortality and morbidity |
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What am I? I am transmitted by a louse and found in portions of central and south America, Africa, and the Mid-East.
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Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus
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What am I? I am also known as Brill-Zinsser disease.
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Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus
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What am I? I am caused Rickettsia prowazekii.
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Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus
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Does transovarial transmission occure for Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus in the louse?
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No
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What am I? I multiply at the site of infection before going out into the vascular endothelium and causing hemorrhage.
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Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus - Rickettsia prowazekii
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What am I? My incubation period is 12 days and I present as flu-like symptoms, limb pain, splenomegaly, and constipation.
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Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus - Rickettsia prowazekii
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What am I? On the 2-4 day from onset a rash that as pink macules that rapidly turn purple can be seen.
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Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus - Rickettsia prowazekii
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is there an eschar at the site of Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus - Rickettsia prowazekii infection?
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no
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What am I? I am diagnosed with a positive Weil-Felix and serologic tests.
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Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus - Rickettsia prowazekii
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What is the treatment for Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus - Rickettsia prowazekii?
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Tetracyclines (DOC), chloramphenicol, doxycycline, rifampin, quinilones
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What am I? Delousing of a population and single dose treatments with doxycycline of those surrounding the infected patient prevents my spread.
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Epidemic Typhus: Recrudescent Typhus - Rickettsia prowazekii
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What am I? I am transmitted from rats to man by the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis).
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Endemic Typhus: Murine Typhus
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does Endemic Typhus: Murine Typhus have an eschar at the site of the flea bite?
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no
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What am I? My etiological agent is Orientia tsutsugamushi which is trasmitted to humans via trombiculid mite larvae (chiggers).
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Scrub Typhus: Mite-borne Typhus
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does an eschar form at the site of the chiggers penetration point in Scrub Typhus: Mite-borne Typhus?
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yes
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what is the reservoire for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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rodents/dogs/rabbits/etc.
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what is the reservoire for Rickettsialpox?
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Mice
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what is the reservoire for Mediterranean Spotted Fever?
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rodents/dogs/rabbits/etc.
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what is the reservoire for epidemic typhus?
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man
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what is the reservoire for Murine Typhus?
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Rats
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what is the reservoire for Scrub Typhus?
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Rodents
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I occure in two forms known as Human Monocytic _____ and Human Granulocytic _____.
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Ehrlichiosis
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what does Ehrlichia chaffeensis cause?
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Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME)
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what does Anaplasma phagocytophilum cause?
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Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis (HGE)
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What am I? I am caused by obligate intracellular parasites that infect leukocytes and remain in the phagocytic vesicle after infection.
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Ehrlichiosis
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What am I? My range is the southern, Midwest, and Pacific US and I am spread by the hard tick?
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Ehrlichiosis
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What am I? My vector is the hard tick.
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Ehrlichia sp.'s (except Ehrlichia chaffeensis) which cause Ehrlichiosis
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What am I? My vecter is the lone star tick.
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Ehrlichia chaffeensis which causes Ehrlichiosis
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What am I? My vector is the blacklegged tick in the eastern and pacific regions of the US.
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Anaplasma phagocytophila which causes Ehrlichiosis
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how long will a tick have to be attached to a host to transmit an agent of Ehrlichiosis?
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24-48 hourse
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Ehrlichia chaffeensis primarily infects which type of cells?
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blood monocytes and macrophages
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Anaplasma phagocytophila primarily infects what type of cells in host?
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neutrophils
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What am I? My incubation period is 5-10 days, elevated liver enzymes along with decreased blood cell counts and platelets are commonly detected in my hosts.
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Ehrlichiosis
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What am I? Initially I present with flu-like symptoms, but if left untreated I present with renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, meningoencephalitis, seizures, or comas
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Ehrlichiosis
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What am I? I can be seen in blood smears using Wright or Giema stains and my principle means of diagnosis is serologic by indirect immunoflourescence.
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Ehrlichiosis
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What is the second most common testing for Ehrlichiosis?
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PCR
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What is the gold standared for making a difinitive diagnosis of Ehrlichiosis?
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Direct isolation (takes a long time and sample must be taken before treatment)
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what is the treatment for Ehrlichiosis?
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Doxycycline for 5-7 days (do not delay treatment for lab results if strong suspicion exists)
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What is the best preventative measure against Ehrlichiosis?
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Tick control
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What am I? My causitive agents are the gram-negative, motile spirochetes called the Borrelia spp. and are capable avoiding immune response by chaning major variable proteins on the cell surface.
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Borrelia spp. Infections: Relapsing Fever
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What are the vectors of the Borrelia spp.?
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soft ticks (capable of transovarial transmission) and human body louse (each is sp. specific)
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What am I? I enter the body through a tick or louse bite and colonizes heart, CNS, and liver which can result in death.
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Borrelia spp. Infections: Relapsing Fever
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what Borrelia spp. strains are able to avoid clearance once lytic antibodies have been produced?
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the ones displaying major variable proteins - cause replasing fever as they continue to multiply
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What am I? My incubation time is around a week, I present with severe flu-like symptoms which resolve 3-6 days after onset, and relapses in clinical signs can occure after 7-10 days post-recovery.
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Borrelia spp. Infections: Relapsing Fever
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What am I? I am visible with Giemsa and Acridine Orange stains and the best diagnostic test availible in the near future is PCR
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Borrelia spp. Infections: Relapsing Fever
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what is the treatment for Borrelia spp. Infections: Relapsing Fever?
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Doxycycline
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what are the prentative measures availible for Borrelia spp. Infections: Relapsing Fever?
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personal hygien and vector control
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What am I? I am caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and was first discovered in Connecticut?
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Lymes Disease
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What am I? I am transmitted via the hard tick mainly in the nymhpal stage and rodents are my reservoire.
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Lymes Disease
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Describe stage 1 of lymes disease?
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spredding annular rash in starting on 3-22 days of infection as well as malaise, fatigue, headache, rigors, and neck stiffness (all resolves in 3-4 weeks)
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Describe stage 2 of lymes disease?
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Weeks or months after stage 1, patients develope cardiac or neurologic abnormalities
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Describe stage 3 of lymes disease?
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Chronic sckin, nervous system, or joint abnormalities in the months/years following stage 2 (mediated by immune complexes)
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What am I? I am diagnosed using an ELIZA with a WB confirmation.
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Lymes Disease
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What is the treatment for Lymes disease?
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Doxycycline or Amoxicillin in early stages and IV ceftriaxone in later stages
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How can lymes disease be prevented?
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There are vaccines, otherwise avoid ticks
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What am I? I cause benign tertian malaria.
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Plasmodium vivax
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What am I? I cause benign tertian malaria or ovale malaria.
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Plasmodium ovale
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What am I? I cause quartan malaria.
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Plasmodium malariae
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What am I? I cause malignant tertian malaria or aestivoautomnal malaria.
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Plasmodium Falciparum
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What am I? My vector is the anopheline mosquito.
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Malaria: Plasmodium Spp.
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which Plasmodium Sp. is the overall malarial parasite found wherever malaria is endemic?
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plasmodium vivax
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what is the predominant malarial parasite on the West African coast, South America, and Asia?
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Plasmodium Ovale
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What is the least common agent of malaria which is found in subtropical/temperate regions where other Sp. of malaria exist?
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Plasmodium malariae
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What is the habitat of Plasmodium falciparum?
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confined to the tropics and subtropics
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What am I? The hemolysis of infected erythrocytes, the release of parasitic metabolites, and the host response to infection are all part of my pathogenesis.
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Malaria
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What is initiated by rupter of both infected and non-infected RBCs in a person with malaria?
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malarial paroxysm
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why do people with malaria get anemic and have enlarged spleens?
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phagocytosis of RBCs (infected and non-infected) increases due to the number of RBC fragments in the blood
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Where is hemozoin mainly found in the body?
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liver and spleen
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which malarial agent can be chronic in children and causes immunecomplex glomerulonephritis and the nephrotic syndrome?
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Plasmodium malariae
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what is the syndrome that arises from massive hemolysis possibly due to the production of autoimmune antibodies to RBC's?
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Blackwater Fever
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what is the unique ability that Plasmodium falciparum has that drastically increases its damage capacity?
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It can cause RBC to change characteristics leading to cytoadherence which can cause ischemia and anoxia in the brain leading to cerebral malaria
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P. vivax and P. ovale only infect what type of RBC's?
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reticulocytes
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P. malariae only infects what RBC type?
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senescent (old) erythrocytes
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what type of RBC does P. falciparum infect?
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All
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what do patients with severe malarial paroxysms present with?
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severe chills and elevated temperatures
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immunecomplex glomerulonephritis occurs with which two Plasmodium Sp.?
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Plasmodium Falciparum and Plasmodium Malariae
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Which malarial agent can survive the longest if not treated?
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Plasmodium malariae > 20 years
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Which malarial agent presents with the most severe anemia?
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Plasmodium Falciparum
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Which malarial agent presents with the most severe CNS involvement?
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Plasmodium Falciparum
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Which malarial agent presents with the most severe Nephrotic Syndrome?
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Plasmodium Malariae
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What does diagnosis for malaria primarily depend on?
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Thick and thin smears
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What are thick films used for in malaria diagnosis?
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screening
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What are thin films used for in malaria diagnosis?
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species identification
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Review Chart P. 921
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...
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what does suppressive therapy attempt to accomplish with malaria?
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destroy merozoites as they enter the blood stream
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what does clinical cure therapy attempt to accomplish with malaria?
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attempts to eliminate the large number of erythrocytic parasites
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what does radical cure therapy attempt to accomplish with malaria?
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attempts to destroy all stages of the parasite
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What are the 3 drugs used as blood schizonticides?
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1. Quinine
2. Chloroquine 3. Mefloquine |
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What is the only effective blood schizonticide?
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primaquine
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What are the 2 gametocytides used to destroy gametocytes in the blood stream?
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1. chloroquine (not effective against falciparum
2. Primaquine (effective against all forms) |
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What am I? I am caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense or rhodiense.
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African sleeping sickness
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what does trypanosoma brucei gambiense cause?
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West African Sleeping Sickness
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what does trypanosoma brucei rhodiense cause?
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East African Sleeping Sickness
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What am I? My vector is the tse tse fly.
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African sleeping sickness
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Where is African sleeping sickness found?
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central and southern Africa
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What am I? I survive by antigenic shifting in my host and this causes succesive waves of infection every 7-14 days in my host.
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African sleeping sickness
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What is the result of antigen shifting on serological tests for African sleeping sickness?
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very high IgM titer
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How did African sleeping sickness get its name?
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Trypanosoma parasitizes the CNS causing coma
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What am I? My first clinical sign is a chancre, but it usually resolves within 2 weeks.
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African sleeping sickness
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What am I? I cause Winterbottoms sign in hosts (enlarged, tender lymph nodes with a bias towards cervical lymph nodes)
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African sleeping sickness
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What do I have? I have hepatosplenomegaly, elevated IgM levels, and progressive CNS degeneration with coma.
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African sleeping sickness
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what is required for a difinitive diagnosis of African sleeping sickness?
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demonstration of the parasites in blood smears, lymph node or bone marrow aspirates, or cerebrospinal fluid
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What is the treatment for African sleeping sickness?
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arsenicals and other toxic drugs that are only availible from the CDC in the US
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what are the current preventative measures taken against African sleeping sickness?
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control of the tse tse fly (limited effectiveness)
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What am I? I am caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?
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Chagas' Disease: American Trypanosomiasis
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how does Trypanosoma cruzi differ from its African counterparts?
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its vecter is the reduviid bug and it can live intracellulary in macrophages, cardiac muscle, and other cells
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What am I? I occur following inoculation of feces from the reduviid bug.
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Chagas' Disease: American Trypanosomiasis
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what is in the the feces of the reduviid bug?
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amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi
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what does the amastigote of Chagas' Disease: American Trypanosomiasis do once it has penetrated the skin?
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picks a cell to infect and multiplies until the cell bursts
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what is released when cells infected with Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes burst?
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trypmastigotes
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how does the reduviid bug become infected with Trypanosoma cruzi?
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by consuming trypmastigotes in a blood meal
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what causes the severe lesions observed in Chagas' Disease: American Trypanosomiasis?
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autoimmune antibodies to endocardium, blood vessels, and muscle infected with Trypanosoma cruzi
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What is the disease? I am most commonly seen in children under 5 and often CNS abnormalities may be present.
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Chagas' Disease: American Trypanosomiasis
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what occurs at the site of infection in people with Chagas' disease?
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a Chagoma which is a eryhematous lesion which if near the ocular mucosa may cause conjunctivitis
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Whats the disease? In the chronic state atriventricular block and right sided heart failure may occure. Megacolon, megaesophagus, and other GI tract abnormalities may also result from smooth muscle parasitism.
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Chagas' Disease: American Trypanosomiasis
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What is the disease? Diagnosis includes serological tests using compliment fixation and radioimmuniassay (RIA)
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Chagas' Disease: American Trypanosomiasis
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What is the disease? Biopsy of the lymph nodes may reveal amastigotes.
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Chagas' Disease: American Trypanosomiasis
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What is the treatment for Chagas' Disease: American Trypanosomiasis?
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Treatment for acute Chagas' Disease is Nifurtimox (from CDC) or Benznidazole and Allopurinol. No meds for chronic condition exist.
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how can Chagas' Disease: American Trypanosomiasis be prevented?
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elimination of reduviid bug and contruction of appropriate protected housing
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Does Chagas' Disease display antigenic shift?
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no which means a vaccine could be made for it
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What am I? I am an intracellular parasite that is transmitted via bites by infected sand flies.
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Leishmaniasis
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What are the 3 forms of Leishmaniasis?
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1. Visceral
2. Cutaneous 3. Mucocutaneous |
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What am I? I multiply in mononuclear phagocytic cells and avoid destruction by the cells.
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Leishmaniasis
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What am I? My incubation period lasts from weeks to years and my first presentation will most likely be an erythematous nodule which progresses to a granuloma followed by central necrosis leaving a lesion with a raised edge.
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Leishmaniasis
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What do I have? I have fever, abdominal pain, wight loss, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and jaundice and if untreated I have a 80-90% chance of dying.
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Leishmaniasis: visceral
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How is Leishmaniasis diagnosed?
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presence of parasite in biopsies, tissue scrapings, and aspirates; serological tests pick up mucosal and visceral, but not cutaneous; delayed hypersensitivity test picks up mucosal and cutaneous, but not visceral
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what is the treatment for Leishmaniasis?
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antimonial drugs
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How can Leishmaniasis be prevented?
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control sand fly population and kill vertebrate reservoires
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