Pod Pretest Over Chapter 1 And The Immune System (Handout)

Front 1

any organism with the potential to cause a disease is known as?

Back 1

a pathogen

Front 2

what are microorganisms wich can colonize the body with no ill effect until it gets in the "wring spot" or the immune system is weakened?

Back 2

opportunistic pathogen

Front 3

what are the 4 types of pathogens?

Back 3

1. bacteria
2. viruses
3. fungi
4. parasites

Front 4

what allows for the recognition of microorganisms and recruitment of effector cells to an infection site

Back 4

the innate immune response or innate immunity

Front 5

upon recognition of harmful microorganisms at the site of an abrasion, what signaling proteins are released?

Back 5

cytokines

Front 6

what is the function of a cytokine?

Back 6

to initiate the innate immune response

Front 7

what is the overall response to the activation of the innate immune response at an abrasion site?

Back 7

inflammation

Front 8

What function of cytokines causes the redness and swelling associated with inflammation?

Back 8

local dilation of capillaries which increases leakage which causes edema and redness

Front 9

White blood cells that participate in creating inflammation are called?

Back 9

inflammatory cells

Front 10

the increase in lymphocyte production (a focusing of the immune response) for an infection which has overwhelmed the innate response is called?

Back 10

the adaptive immune response

Front 11

describe adaptive immunity?

Back 11

highly specialized defense against one specific pathogen

Front 12

what is the difference between the receptors of the innate immune system and compared to the adaptive immune system?

Back 12

the innate are coded for by a persons genes, but the adaptive are the product of random gene splicing and only lymphocytes with the correct receptors are activated during immune response

Front 13

when lymphocytes that have been selectively produced during an infection are kept for further encounters with the pathogen, what does this form?

Back 13

immunologic memory

Front 14

the first time the adaptive immune system is used to create and immune response is called?

Back 14

the primary reponse

Front 15

the second time the adaptive immune system is used to create and immune response is called?

Back 15

the secondary response

Front 16

what is the purpose of a vaccination?

Back 16

to induce a mild primary response so that the rapid and effective secondary response will be implace for a full blown exposure

Front 17

all leukocytes, megakaryocytes, and RBC's are derived from what common progenitor cell?

Back 17

the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

Front 18

all of the cells derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are called?

Back 18

hematopoietic cells

Front 19

when hematopoietic stem cells divide to make more hematopoietic stem cells what is this called?

Back 19

self renewal

Front 20

hematopoietic stem cells must commit to become one of what three mature hematopoeitic stem cells?

Back 20

1. erythroid
2. lymphiod
3. myeloid

Front 21

what cells belong to the granulocyte class of myeloid cells?

Back 21

1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils

Front 22

what is the purpose of the cells in the granulocyte grouping?

Back 22

phagocytosis and production of reactive substances which break down microorganisms and enhance inflammation

Front 23

which of the granulocytes is the most common?

Back 23

neutrophils

Front 24

neutrophils are part of which immune response?

Back 24

the innate

Front 25

when neutrophils die what do they form?

Back 25

pus

Front 26

what is the purpose of neutrophils?

Back 26

mobolize to the site of infection and phagocytize invading microorganisms

Front 27

what is the second most populous type of granulocyte?

Back 27

esosinophils

Front 28

what is the purpose of eosinophils?

Back 28

defend against helminth worms and intestinal parasites

Front 29

what is the least abundant granulocyte?

Back 29

basophil

Front 30

what are the non-granulocyte myeloid cells?

Back 30

1. monocytes
2. macrophages
3. dendritic cells

Front 31

what do monocytes become when the migrate from the blood into tissue?

Back 31

macrophages

Front 32

what is the role of the macrophage?

Back 32

recognize foreign material, secrete cytokines, and phagocytosis on a large scale

Front 33

what is the role of the dendritic cells?

Back 33

to gather digested pathogens and take them to lymphoid tissue to mount a adaptive immune response

Front 34

describe the shape of the dendritic cell?

Back 34

star shaped

Front 35

what type of myeloid cell is resident in all CT?

Back 35

mast cell

Front 36

what is the precursor to the lymphoid lineage?

Back 36

the lymphoid progenitor

Front 37

what are the two morphologically different groups of lymphoid cells?

Back 37

1. large lymphocytes with granular cytoplasm
2. small lymphocytes with almost no cytoplasm

Front 38

what are the large lymphocytes with granular cytoplasm called?

Back 38

natural killer cells

Front 39

what is the function of the natural killer cells? (2)

Back 39

1. kill cells infected with viruses
2. release cytokines which stop replication in these cells

Front 40

what type of immunity do the small lymphocytes with almost no cytoplasm allow for?

Back 40

adaptive immune response

Front 41

what are the two most important types of small lymphocytes with almost no cytoplasm?

Back 41

the B and T cells

Front 42

describe the cell surface receptors for B cells?

Back 42

immunoglobulins

Front 43

describe the cell surface receptors for T cells?

Back 43

T cell receptors

Front 44

what are the two functional types of lymphoid tissue?

Back 44

1. primary or central
2. secondary or peripheral

Front 45

what are the two primary lymphoid tissues?

Back 45

thymus and bone marrow

Front 46

where do B cells complete their maturation process?

Back 46

bone marrow

Front 47

where to T cells complete their maturation process?

Back 47

thymus

Front 48

what is the main purpose of secondary lymphoid tissue?

Back 48

to provide a meeting place for mature lymphocytes, pathogens, and pathogen presenting cells like dendritic cells to meet

Front 49

what ensures the one way flow of lymph from peripheral regions through the ducts towards nodes?

Back 49

valves in the ducts

Front 50

what drives the flow of lymph?

Back 50

movement of the body

Front 51

what occurs with lymph flow in the absence of movement such as a patient confined to bed?

Back 51

edema because lymph flow is reduced

Front 52

what interacts with dendritic cells in the lymph node?

Back 52

T cells

Front 53

what does T cell / dendritic cell interactions cause to happen in T cells?

Back 53

causes them to divide resulting in helper T cells (some stay in node and some go out to site of infection) and cytotoxic T cells

Front 54

what do helper T cells that stay in the lymph node do?

Back 54

drive the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells

Front 55

what do plasma cells do?

Back 55

produce antibody which is the soluble form of their cell surface receptors

Front 56

what do helper T cells that leave the lymph node to go to the site of infection do?

Back 56

act with macrophages to release cytokines to amplify inflammation

Front 57

what is the role of the cytotoxic T cell?

Back 57

kill cells that are infected with a virus or other intracellular pathogen

Front 58

what lymphoid organ serves as a filter for pathogens which have entered the blood stream?

Back 58

the spleen

Front 59

the extensive secondary lymphoid tissue associated with gastrointestinal tract is called?

Back 59

gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Front 60

the extensive secondary lymphoid tissue associated with respiratory tract is called?

Back 60

bronchiole-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

Front 61

the more diffuse mucosal lymphoid tissues are generally known as?

Back 61

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Front 62

how do pathogens get into MALT?

Back 62

M-cells facilitate there direct transportation into the mucosa

Front 63

any cell, molecule, macromolecule, or virus particle that an antibody can bind to is known as a?

Back 63

antigen

Front 64

surface immuniglobulins and T-cell receptors are known as?

Back 64

antigen receptors

Front 65

the part of an antigen that a antigen receptor can bind to is called?

Back 65

antigenic determinant or epitope

Front 66

describe the structure of the generic immunoglobulin?

Back 66

1. composed of 4 chains (2 light, 2 heavy)
2. each chain has a variable and a constant region

Front 67

what is the difference between a secreted immunoglobulin and a surface immunoglobulin?

Back 67

the surface one has a membrane spanning region that is not found in the secreted one

Front 68

describe the typical T-cell membrane?

Back 68

it consists of a alpha and beta chain (with constant and variable regions) which are both anchored to the surface of the T cell PM

Front 69

what is the purpose of the constant regions of antibodies?

Back 69

they contain binding sites for phagocytes, inflammatory cells as well as complement proteins

Front 70

what are the various constant regions of antibodies called?

Back 70

isotypes

Front 71

which isotypes cannot be made by everyone?

Back 71

Trick!! Everyone can make all isotypes

Front 72

before any rearrangement, immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors are said to be in?

Back 72

germline configuration

Front 73

what is the rearrangement of genes that produce specific immunoglobulins or T-cell receptors called?

Back 73

somatic recombination

Front 74

what does dolor mean?

Back 74

pain

Front 75

what does calor mean?

Back 75

heat

Front 76

what does rubor mean?

Back 76

redness

Front 77

what does tumor mean?

Back 77

swelling

Front 78

what causes heat and redness in the infected area?

Back 78

blood vessel dilation and increased blood flow