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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why can fasting be bad for small patients pre-anesthesia?
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hypoglycemia
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anesthesia: venous access for the:
- ferret - mouse - emergency |
- ferret: cephalic
- mouse: tail - emergency: intraosseous |
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what size ET tube will screw into a catheter hub?
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size 2
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what ET tube size and type is used for:
- ferret - rabbit - guinea pig - rat - mouse |
- ferret: 2 - 2.5 ET
- rabbit 2 - 3.5 ET or size 1 LMA - GP: 8 fr urinary catheter - rat: 14ga IV catheter - mouse 1.22-1.27 mm (specialty) or a 20-22ga IV catheter |
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what are ways caused by the veterinarian that can cause a pocket pet to become too hot or too cold during anesthesia/Sx? (3)
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- wet (scrub): cold
- cautery contact (hot) - active warming |
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how are ECG leads connected in the pocket pet?
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needle leads or home-made gentle leads; the big alligator clips can cause necrosis; careful with alcohol/lube because it can make them wet and cold
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what is the best way to count respirations in the pocket pet during anesthesia?
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capnograph
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when do you feed a pocket pet after anesthesia?
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ASAP
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how long do you fast a ferret before anesthesia?
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4 hours
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what is unique about the ferret pre-op blood work?
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high PCV
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what are three anesthesia protocols for the ferret?
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1. ketamine + dex
2. Telazol (+ ket, xylazine) 3. propofol with pre/meds |
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if you anesthetize a ferret with ket + dex, how do they differ from other animals during recovery?
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they will be recumbent for hours; need to reverse the dex
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do ferrets have laryngospasm?
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yes
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`what are 3 opioids and 3 NSAIDs used in ferret analgesia?
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1. buprenorphine
2. butorphanol 3. morphine 1. carprofen 2. meloxicam 3. flunixin |
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what lab data to you need from the rabbit pre-op?
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PCV, TP, electrolytes and/or chem
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rabbits are fasted before surgery. What must you do to make sure of this?
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check their cheek pouches
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what is a significant risk of rabbit surgery that must be disclosed to the owners?
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subclinical Pasteurellosis
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what are three good ways to see if you have successfully done a blind intubation on a rabbit?
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tube fogging, breath sounds, ± rabbit whistle
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comment on anticholinergic use in rabbits
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they have atropinase. Use glycopyrrolate
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comment on barbiturate use in rabbits?
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causes peritonitis
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what is the most common CLASS of injectable used to induce rabbits?
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dissociatives (+ α2, benzos, or ace)
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what anesthetic agent poses a risk for severe respiratory depression in rabbits?
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xylazine
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why do you want to use the lowest possible dose of injectables in rabbits?
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if they cause myositis, they will self-mutilate
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how long do you fast a rodent before anesthesia?
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you don't
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what are the most frequent routes to give (non-gaseous) anesthetic agents to rodents?
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SQ, IM, IP
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what is a four step process to anesthetize a rodent?
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1. premed
2. induction chamber 3. transfer to face mask 4. ± intubate |
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what are six injectable anesthetic combos for rodents?
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1. fentanyl + dex
2. fentanyl + diazepam 3. Telazol + xylazine 4. ket + diazepam 5. ket + xylazine 6. ket + dex |
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what is a great way to allow rodents to self-medicate for analgesia after surgery?
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buprenorphine jello shots
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what is one opioid and 4 NSAIDs used in rodent analgesia?
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- buprenorphine
1. carprofen 2. meloxicam 3. flunixin 4. aspirin |
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what is used for initial restraint, but not anesthesia, of dangerous reptiles?
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cold narcosis (poikilothermic)
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what is the most common injectable for reptiles and amphibians?
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ketamine
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what are three ways to monitor reptile/amphibian anesthesia?
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1. tongue withdrawal
2. righting reflex 3. doppler |
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male intact ferret
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hob
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male neutered ferret
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gib
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female intact ferret
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jill
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female neutered ferret
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sprite
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group of ferrets
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business
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ferret dental formula
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I3/3 C1/1 P 3/3 M 1/2
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can ferrets vomit?
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yes
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what is special about the ferret adrenal glands?
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the right one is adhered to the caudal vena cava
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what is the ferret's diet?
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strict carnivore
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what pet store products can you feed ferrets?
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1. commercial ferret food
2. cat growth formulation |
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why don't you feed ferrets dog food?
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too many CHOs; will cause bloat
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why don't you feed ferrets plant products?
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1. urolithiasis
2. bloat |
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at which ambient temp will ferrets get heat stroke?
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> 32 °C (89.6 °F)
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what are the core vaccines for ferrets?
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rabies and distemper
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what are five good prophylactics for ferrets when they have their routine vet visits?
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1. fecal
2. heartworm preventative (test) 3. dental 4. blood glucose 5. ±adrenal u/s |
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which type of distemper vaccine do you use on ferrets and why?
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vector, recombinant, or inactivated. MLV will kill them.
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what don't you want to use when handling ferrets?
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gloves
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what are 3 good, 2 horrific, and 1 sub-optimal places to collect blood from a ferret?
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- good: jugular, cranial vena cava, cephalic
- horrific: retro-orbital, cardiac puncture - nail clip |
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what is the most common disease of ferrets?
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neoplasia
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what are the four most common types for ferret neoplasias?
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1. pancreatic islet cell (insulinoma)
2. adrenocortical 3. lymphoma 4. mast cell |
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what is the age range of ferret neoplasia?
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2 wk. - 15 years
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which ferrets are overrepresented for neoplasia?
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spayed/neutered
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why do you test for blood glucose on a routine vet visit for the ferret?
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make sure there is not an insulinoma
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what test DON'T you do for a suspected insulinoma in the ferret?
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insulin challenge test
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what are diseases that cause vulvar swelling in the ferret?
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1. Adrenocortical tumor
2. Hyper-estrogenic anemia |
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what are some clinical signs of adrenocortical tumors in the ferret?
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- progressive alopecia
- vulvar swelling - male sexual behavior - pruritis - stranguria (males) - wasting |
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comment on urinary catheterization of the male ferret
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the os penis is J-shaped, so the urethra does not open at the tip
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how do you determine the prognosis of a neoplasia in the ferret
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BIOPSY
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what are the two distinct clinical manifestations of lymphoma in the ferret (and the key lab finding of each)?
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1. young acute (lymphocytosis)
2. old chronic (lymphopenia) |
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comment on mast cell tumors in the ferret
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usually benign; excise; good prognosis
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what are three causes of hyper-estrogenic anemia in the ferret?
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1. persistent estrus
2. remnant ovarian tissue (from OHE) 3. adrenal gland disease |
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what is the prognosis for hyper-estrogenic anemia in ferrets?
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poor. 30-40% mortality
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what is a key clinical sign of hyper-estrogenic anemia in the ferret?
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vulvar swelling
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comment on treating canine distemper in the ferret
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treatment unwarranted and usually unsuccessful
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what is onychectomy?
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"declawing"
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comment on declawing the ferret
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- not recommended
- don't use nail trimmer technique - if you have to do it, remove P3 |
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when do you spay a jill ferret?
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6-8 months
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what is important about closing an incision in the ferret?
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use buried, subQ sutures or they will chew it
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when is pancreatic surgery performed in the ferret?
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most commonly for insulinomas
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how do you surgically excise adrenal glands in the ferret?
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- left: remove
- right: debulk because of its attachment to the vena cava |
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comment on rabbit deciduous teeth
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- 1st incisors shed at birth
- 2nd incisors and premolars present at birth and shed in 1 month |
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rabbit dental formula
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I2/1 C0/0 P3/2 M3/3
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what are the 2nd incisors called in the rabbit?
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peg teeth
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which set of incisors grow fastest in the rabbit?
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mandibular
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what percentage of rabbits will develop dental disease in their lifetime?
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100%
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what are some clinical signs of dental disease in rabbits?
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- drooling
- picky eaters - facial swelling - eye discharge - eye bulging - "smaller poops" - not eating |
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what is the fancy term for an overbite?
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brachygnathism
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what is important in treating a tooth root abscess in the rabbit?
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aggressive surgical debridement
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what are five common secondary infections to dental disease in the rabbit?
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1. tooth root abscess
2. ulcers 3. rhinitis 4. dacryocystitis (lacrimal sac cystitis) 5. pneumonia |
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what are the best antibiotics for secondary infections in rabbits with dental disease?
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chloramphenicol > penicillin > tetracycline > metronidazole + Cipro > TMS
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how do you properly trim rabbit incisors?
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dental machine; don't use clippers
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how do rabbits breathe?
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obligate nasal breathers
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what is the most important aspect of tooth extraction in the rabbit?
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remove the entire tooth; don't leave fragments
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what is a complication with opioids in the rabbit post-op (according to the dentistry lecture)?
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ileus
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what are the best pain meds to use post-op in the rabbit (according to the dental lecture)?
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NSAIDs
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how do you feed a rabbit after a dental surgery?
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- SYRINGE FEED HIGH FIBER DIET, balanced
- 3-5 days |
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if a rabbit has dental problems, how often should they have their teeth trimmed?
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every 4-12 weeks
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what type of cassettes are best for small animal radiography?
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slow exposure
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what is a good position to get a lateral rad of an animal that is awake?
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horizontal beam
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comment on how many roots the upper premolars of the ferret has?
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upper premolar 1 and 2 have 2 roots; upper premolar 3 has 3 roots
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radiographically, what is the first indicator of a dental problem?
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disappearance of the lamina dura (space between the tooth and gum)
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what is the ferret vertebral formula?
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C7, T15, L5, S3, Cd18
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what lung lobes does the ferret have?
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Left cranial
Left caudal Right cranial Right middle Right caudal Accessory |
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four common pulmonary diseases of the ferret as seen radiographically?
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1. pneumonia (megaesophagus, fungal)
2. bronchitis 3. HWD 4. neoplasia |
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what are three common cranial mediastinal masses in the ferret?
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1. lymph node
2. thymus 3. granuloma |
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what is the most common type of heart disease in the ferret?
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DCM
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what are three radiographic signs of cardiomegaly in the ferret?
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-Increased sternal contact
-Increased length/width -Dorsal displacement of trachea |
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what are four radiographic signs of heart failure in the ferret?
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-Pulmonary venous congestion
-Pulmonary edema -Pleural effusion -Ascites/hepatosplenomegaly |
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what is the normal range for the modified vertebral heart score in the ferret?
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3.75 - 4.1 vertebrae
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what are three common abnormalities in the ferret abdomen, found radiographically?
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- Splenomegaly
- Mechanical ileus - Adrenomegaly |
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comment on splenomegaly in the ferret
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may be normal or abnormal; could be splenitis or LSA; need to aspirate or biopsy to determine
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hepatosplenomegaly in the ferret is indicative of what?
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infiltrative process, commonly LSA
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if you can't see a gastric foreign body in the radiograph of the ferret, what are two common radiographic signs?
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- ileus
- dilated stacked loops of intestine |
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what is a common sequela to adrenal tumors in the male ferret?
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secondary prostatomegaly
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rad of the ferret shows a soft tissue opacity craniomedial to the left kidney. What are you thinking?
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1. I don't want to be studying for this exam
2. adrenal mass |
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what is a common musculoskeletal injury of the rabbit?
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spinal trauma
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what aggressive bone diseases occur in the rabbit tarsus?
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septic arthritis and osteomyelitis
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nodular interstitial lung disease in the rabbit is most likely what?
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metastatic neoplasia; commonly occurs from the uterus of the female rabbit. Note that uterine carcinomas are rare in the male rabbit
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tubular-shaped soft tissue opacity between the bladder and colon in the rabbit is probably what?
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uterine enlargement - carcinoma
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how do you distinguish hairballs from ingesta in the rabbit radiographically?
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- hairball is often surrounded by air
- may need to insufflate air into the stomach and a hairball will be a solid structure |
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why might a rabbit have a very radio-opaque bladder?
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they make lots of calcium carbonate in their urine. This is normal
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