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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The PNS is made of ____ & ____ paired nerves.
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Paired cranial & spinal nerves make up this system.
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The spinal nerves of the PNS can be divided into two systems. Name the two.
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Somatic & visceral (autonomic) are divisions of these paired nerves.
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Describe the role of the somatic nervous system.
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This system serves to relay afferent sensory information (e.g. touch) to the CNS and efferent motor information (voluntary or reflex) to striated muscle.
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The somatic nervous system is connected to the CNS with ganglia here.
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Numbers of ganglia are all connected to the CNS at the spinal cord.
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The dorsal root of the spinal cord is associated with...
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...sensory (afferent) nerve impulses
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Thee ventral root of the spinal cord is associated with...
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...motor (efferent) nerve impulses
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Does the spinal cord belongs to the CNS or PNS?
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This structure serves as the link between the CNS and PNS but is anatomically considered part of the CNS.
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Name the two main functions of the spinal cord.
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This structure (1) transmits efferent and afferent impulses from the brain as well as (2) acts as a reflex center.
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The ventral face of the spinal cord is distinguished with ______.
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The ventral (anterior) median fissure
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The dorsal face of the spinal cord is characterised by the ______.
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The dorsal (posterior) medium septum
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Spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal through holes called _____.
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These nerves leave the vertebral canal through foramina between successive vertebrae.
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The somata of the afferent somatic nerves are called and are found where?
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The dorsal root ganglia (craniospinal ganglion) lies just outside the dorsal horn.
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Name the two rami of the somatic nervous system and each of their functions
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Dorsal Ramus - provides sensory & motor innervation to the skin and muscles of the back
Ventral Ramus - innervates the ventrolateral body surface, the limbs and structures in the body wall. |
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Interweaving of several spinal nerves is known as a _____.
Hint: this occurs in the limbs |
Plexus.
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Name the three types of nerves.
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Multipolar, pseudounipolar, bipolar.
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Found in both the CNS & PNS, this neuron is usually efferent motor. Describe the typical extensions found on this type of neuron.
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Multipolar neurons are characterised as having one long axon and short dendrites.
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Where in the human body are you likely to find bipolar neurons?
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This type of neuron is found in the retina, inner ear and olfactory mucosa. As a specialised sensory neuron, they have both short dendrites and short axons.
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In the PNS, pseudounipolar neurons usually carry _____ information _____. This function requires the axon to be ___ and the dendrite to be ____.
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These neurons are afferent sensory which have a short axon and a long dendrite.
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What is unique about the dendrites of pseudounipolar neurons?
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In this neuron, the dendrite is really a collateral of the axon instead of branching from the soma.
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Within the PNS, two sets of ganglia exists. What are they?
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Craniospinal & autonomic ganglia
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The preganglionic neuron refers to what part of the PNS? Where can its cell body be found?
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In the autonomic nervous system, this neuron has its cell body in the CNS.
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Where would you find the cell body of a postganglionic neuron?
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These neurons have their cell bodies in a (autonomic) ganglia outside of the CNS.
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The craniospinal ganglion is also known as
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the dorsal root ganglion
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Name and distinguish between the two types of reflex arcs.
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In the monosynaptic reflex arc, the pseudounipolar afferent neuron directly stimulates the multipolar efferent neuron in the grey matter of the spinal cord.
In the polysynaptic reflex arc, the efferent neuron stimulates a multipolar interneuron in the grey matter which then stimulates the afferent neuron. |
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The autonomic nervous system is divided into _____ and _____ nerves. Both types are considered _____ _____ fibres.
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up the efferent motor fibers of this system.
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The afferent visceral sensory pathways of the ANS ascend to the CNS through ______.
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Afferent visceral pathways ascend to the CNS through the visceral nerve trunks.
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The efferent visceral motor pathway is characterised by:
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A two neuron chain consisting of a myelinated preganglionic and non-myelinated postganglionic neuron.
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A preganglionic neuron is found in which ramus?
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A preganglionic neuron will leave the spinal nerve through the white ramus which leads to the sympathetic ganglion.
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What three events can occur at the sympathetic ganglion?
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1. An axon may pass upwards or downwards to synapse in other ganglia of the sympathetic chain.
2. Bypass the sympathetic chain and synapse with a postganglionic neuron at one of the large collateral ganglia. 3. The axon synapses with the postganglionic neuron in the grey ramus. |
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The sympathetic system is also known as
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The thoraco-lumbar system refers to
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The parasympathetic system is also named
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The cranio-sacral system is the alternate name for
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Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic system?
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Cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X.
Oculomotor, Facial, Gloaaopharyngeal and Vagus (respectively) |
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75% of parasympathetic nerves are in the _____.
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The vagus X (specifically the visceral branch) houses 75% of these nerves.
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Unlike nerves of the sympathetic system, in the parasympathetic system there are no ____ ____ so long myelinated preganglionic fibers extend to a _____ ____ in the organ.
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With no proximal ganglia, nerves of this system have long myelinated preganglionic fibers which extend to a terminal ganglia. This indicates that postganglionic fibers are relatively short.
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In both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic neuron always secrete _____ and are described as _____.
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Preganglionic neurons always secrete acetylchoine and are called choinergic.
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Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete _____ and are called _____.
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These neurons secrete noradrenalin and therefore called adrenergic.
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Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete _____ and are called _____.
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These neurons secrete acetylcholine are are called cholinergic.
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Name the two receptors which bind acetylcholine.
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Muscarinic and nicotinic bind to this neurotransmitter.
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Muscarinic receptors are mimicked by _____ and blocked by _____.
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These receptors are mimicked by musarine and blocked by atropine.
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Nicotinic receptors are mimicked by _____ and blocked by _____.
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These receptors are mimicked by nicotine and blocked by curare.
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Most parasympathetic effector organs have this type of receptor.
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Muscarinic receptors are found predominantly in parasympathetic effector organs.
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Nicotinic receptors are found in these two junctions.
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The pre- to postganglionic neuron synapse and the neuromuscular junction contain this type of receptor.
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The sympathetic system will ____ the pupil (eye) and _____ the gall bladder.
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This system will dilate the pupil and relax the gallbladder.
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Constricted bronchial tubes indicates an effect of the ______ system
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The sympathetic system will have this effect on the bronchial tubes.
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What effects will the parasympathetic system have on each of the following:
Gut spincters, Gut lumen and bladder |
The gut spincters relax, the gut lumen increases peristalsis and the bladder is excited (tenses). These are effects of which system?
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The 12 cranial nerves are split into three groups. Briefly describe each.
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1. 3 Special Sensory - nerves of the head.
2. 5 Dorsal Root - somatic/visceral sensory and visceral motor nerves 3. 4 Ventral Root - somatic motor nerves |
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Name the three special sensroy nerves and their corresponding numbers.
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I Olfactory
II Optic VIII Auditory |
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Name the five dorsal root nerves and their corresponding numbers.
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V Trigeminal
VII Facial IX Glossopharyngeal X Vagus XI Accessory |
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Name the four ventral root nerves and their corresponding numbers.
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III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear VI Abducens XII Hypoglossal |
