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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is pneumonia? |
Infection that inflamed air sacs in one or both lungs May fill with fluid |
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Who does it mainly affect? |
Those over 65 Children under 2 |
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How does it spread? |
Airborne respiratory droplets Like coughing or sneezing |
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What is the most common bacterial pneumonia? |
Streptococcus Pneumonia- vaccine available Haemophilus influenzae- does not cause harm unless weakened immune system |
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What does pneumonia prevent? |
Oxygen from getting to your blood |
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What are risk factors determining severity of bacterial pneumonia? |
Strength of bacteria How quickly you are diagnosed and treated Age Overall health If have other conditions or diseases |
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Common symptoms of bacterial pneumonia? |
Cough with yellow, green or blood tinged mucus Stabbing chest pain worsens with coughing Sudden onset of chills enough to make you shake Fever above 102 |
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2 types of bacterial pneumonia? |
Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) |
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Another name for HAP? |
Nosocomial infection |
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What is acute bacterial pneumonia? |
Bacteria reside in upper respiratory tract Lower lobes affected due to gravity Spread from person to person via droplets |
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Most common complication to acute bacterial pneumonia? |
Extending the infection to the pleura (pleuritis) Causes pleural effusion - excessive fluid in pleural cavity Lung abscess can occur - local area of necrosis and pus formation within lung (develops slowly and causes weight loss, malaise, fever and coughing) |
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How to drain an empyema? |
Empyema- accumulation of purulent drains Identified by X-ray Drain by thoracentesis (needle inserted into pleural space) |
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What is pleuritic pain? |
Chest aching Crackles and rales are heard in the lung |
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Presenting symptoms of acute bacterial pneumonia? |
Abrupt Fever/chills Tachypnea Altered mentation/ agitation Possible dyspnea and cyanosis Purulent/rust colored sputum |
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What is viral pneumonia? |
Includes influenza and adenovirus Can be caused by herpes and measles Affects older ages and those with chronic conditions (usually in community epidemics) |
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What symptoms to look for in viral pneumonia? |
Sudden or gradual onset Flu-like symptoms Headache, fever, fatigue, malaise, muscle aching and dry cough |
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What is aspiration pneumonia? |
Aspirating gastric contents into the lung Results in chemical and bacterial pneumonia |
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Risk factors for aspiration pneumonia? |
Depressed cough Impaired gag reflexes Impaired swallowing Older surgical clients and those with dementia Enteral nutrition by NG tube puts client at risk Could result in pulmonary edema, gangrene of pulmonary tissue and respiratory failure |
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Risk factors for pneumonia? |
More prone to infants and older adults Compromised immune system (HIV) Those receiving treatment for cancers Those with respiratory conditions, DM or alcoholism, cigarette smokers and sharing needles |
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Prevention of pneumonia? |
Vaccines Pneumococcal vaccine can impart lifetime immunity with one dose With influenza vaccine check for egg allergies |
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What are localized effects of infection of the lower respiratory tract? |
Cough Excessive mucous production SOB/dyspnea Hemoptysis (bloody sputum) Chest pain |
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Systemic effects of infection of lower respiratory tract? |
Fever Diminished appetite Malaise Cyanosis |
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What can bacteremia spreading the infection lead to? |
Meningitis Endocarditis Peritonitis |
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What does entry of pathogens into the bloodstream lead to? |
Septic shock |
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Why are children more susceptible to pneumonia? |
Shorter immature airway Lower number of alveoli O2 consumption is higher |
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When is the trachea fully developed? |
5 yrs old |
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What will you see in a child over 12 months with pneumonia? |
RR >50 per min O2 96% or less |
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What will you see in children under 12 months with pneumonia? |
Nasal flaring |
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How to differentiate bacterial from viral pneumonia in children? |
Blood culture |
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Why are older adults more susceptible to pneumonia? |
Number of cilia decreases Gag and cough reflex diminishes Greater risk of dehydration Immune function declines |
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Why use an X-ray test? |
Determine the extent of lung involvement Shows fluid, infiltrates, and atelectasis (areas of alveolar collapse) |
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Why use a CT scan? |
Provide more detailed image of pulmonary tissue Used when X-ray is not diagnostic |
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Why use a pulse ox? |
Continuous monitoring of gas exchange Normal if above 95% |
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Why use fiberoptic bronchoscopy? |
Obtain a sputum specimen Remove secretions from bronchial tree |
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Why use a CBC with WBC differential? |
Infection shows elevated WBCs (>10000) Confirms with sputum culture there is an infection |
