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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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spending like medicare, social security, and medicaid |
mandatory spending |
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the spending the government can divide among things they see fit |
discretionary |
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congress's solution for the need for information |
committee system |
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congress's solution for organization and scheduling |
parties and leadership |
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vote exchanges in congress, i'll vote for yours if you vote for mine |
logrolling |
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when members of congress look to gain support by getting funding for something in their district |
pork barrel spending |
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big clumps or binders of unrelated bills that help push through legislation that might not otherwise get approved |
omnibus bills |
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when the senate takes advantage of the unlimited debate rule in order to block a bill from being voted on |
fillibuster |
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the thing that can end a fillibuster, a vote of 60 senators |
cloture |
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the difference in the president's formal powers versus what we expect from them |
expectation gap |
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the only power the president can execute independently |
pardoning |
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why does the president have the powers he does? |
they're all easiest for one person to do |
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who implements policies established by elected officials |
bureaucracy |
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4 requirements of bureaucracy |
hierarchical, specialized, rule oriented, meritocracy |
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who coined the spoils system |
andrew jackson |
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giving people jobs in exchange for support |
patronage/ the spoils system |
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prevent firing bureaucrats without just cause |
civil service laws |
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laws or rules made by government agencies |
administrative laws |
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excessive rules and procedures within bureaucracy |
red tape |
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when people move into bureaucracy, they sometimes cut people or companies slack that they used to work for/with |
the revolving door, regulatory capture |
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responding to a call to action for regulation |
passive regulation |
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emphasizes an adversarial process to law |
common law |
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the idea behind common law |
two sides competing over the outcome of a conflict |
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when you have a particular desire in the outcome of a case; also refers to making sure the case is heard in the right place |
standing |
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criminal laws |
statutes |
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civil laws or regulation between individuals |
torts |
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standard of guilt in criminal cases |
beyond a reasonable doubt |
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standard of guilt in a civil case |
on the preponderance of evidence |
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the USSC can declare laws unconstitutional |
judicial review |
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original jurisdiction matters |
lawsuits between states, admiralty |
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the supreme court justices who disagree with the majority opinion |
dissent |
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statements issued by USSC justices who agree with one side but for a reason other than what's stated in the statement |
concurring |
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the system of having two chambers within one legislative body |
bicameralism |
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when a member of congress shares characteristics with a member of their constituency |
descriptive representation |
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when a member of congress represents constituents' interests and policy concerns |
substantive representation |
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a member of congress who supports constituents from a distance, taking into account national, collective, or moral concerns that could cause them to deviate from constituents' desires |
trustee |
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a member of congress who loyally represents constituents' desires |
delegate |
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the idea that congressional behavior is directly related to members' desire for reelection |
electoral connection |
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redrawing geographic boundaries of legislation to account for population |
redistricting |
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members of congress tend to win over opponents when running for reelection |
incumbency advantage |
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the informal congressional norm of choosing a member who's served longest to head committees |
seniority |
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one of the steps through which a bill becomes a law where the final wording is determined |
markup |
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makes the president head of government and head of state; gives him powers other than the ones listed |
the vesting clause |
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the idea that the vesting clause gives the president the authority to issue orders and policy directives that can't be undone by congress |
unitary executive theory |
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explains the president's interpretation of a law or bill |
signing statement |
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a rule that allows the government to exercise control over individuals and corporations by restricting certain behaviors |
regulation |
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agency employees who directly provide services to the public |
street level bureaucrats |
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rules that lower level bureaucrats must follow when implementing policies |
standard operating procedures |
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a difficulty faced by elected officials in making sure that when bureaucrats implement policies, they follow officials' intentions, but have enough expertise to use their own discretion |
problem of control |
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agencies that don't require a lot of experience or knowledge, so people are hired based on connections rather than merit |
turkey farms |
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bureaucrats tend to implement policies in ways that favor their own political leanings rather than following original intentions of legislation |
bureaucratic drift |
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congressional efforts to make sure that laws are implemented correctly by the bureaucracy after they have been passed |
oversight |
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a method of oversight where congress constantly monitors the bureaucracy to make sure laws are implemented correctly |
police patrol oversight |
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congress doesn't check on implementations unless there are complaints about it from the public |
fire alarm oversight |
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the authority of a court to hear appeals from lower courts and change or uphold the decision |
appellate jurisdiction |
