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49 Cards in this Set
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Civil Liberties (What are they?) |
the individual freedoms and rights guaranteed to every citizen in the Bill of Rights and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, including freedom of speech and religion |
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Civil Rights (What are they?) |
the constitutionally guaranteed rights that the government may not arbitrarily remove. Among these rights are the right to vote and equal protection under the law |
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Bill of Rights |
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added in 1781 |
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Double Jeopardy (What is it?) |
Trying a defendant twice for the same crime; banned by the Fifth Amendment |
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Executive Privileges |
the president's implied or inherent power to withhold information on the ground that to release such information would affect either national security or the president's ability to discharge official duties |
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Pocket Veto |
Presidential refusal to sign or veto a bill that Congress passes in the last ten days of its session; by not being signed, it automatically dies when Congress adjourns |
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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
The 1819 decision by Chief Justice John Marshall that expanded the interpretation of the necessary and proper clause to give Congress broad powers to pass legislation and reaffirmed the national government's power over the states under the supremacy clause |
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Judicial Review (What is it?) |
The power of the Supreme Court established in Marbury v. Madison to overturn acts of the president, Congress, and the states if those acts violate the Constitution. This power makes the Supreme Court the final interpreter of the Constitution |
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Original Jurisdiction of the Court |
The authority of a court to be the first to hear a case; Supreme Court must hear cases involving: foreign ambassadors, disputes between states |
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Writ of Certiorari (What is it?) |
A Latin term meaning "to be made more certain"; this writ enables the Court to accept cases for review only if there are "special and important reasons therefore" |
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Majority Opinion of the court |
A decision of the Supreme Court that represents the agreed-on compromise judgement of all the justices in the majority |
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Concurring opinion of the court |
A written opinion of a justice who agrees with the majority decision of the Court but differs on the reasoning |
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Dissenting opinion of the court |
A written opinion of a justice who disagrees with the holding of the Court |
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Stare Decisis (What does it mean?) |
A doctrine meaning "let the decision stand," or that judges deciding a case should adhere if at all possible to previously decided cases similar to the one under consideration |
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Public Opinion (What is it?) |
The collective expression of attitudes about the prominent issues and actors of the day |
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Representative sample |
A sample that includes all the significant characteristics of the total population |
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Margin of Error (What is it?) |
the measure of possible error in a survey, which means that the number for the entire population of voters will fall within a range of plus or minus several points of the number obtained from the small but representative sample of voters |
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Random Method/Sample |
A strategy required for a valid poll whereby every member of the population has an equal chance of appearing in the sample |
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Tracking Poll |
Polls used by the media to track the support levels for candidates over time |
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Political Socialization (What is it?) |
The process by which people learn about the world of politics |
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Political Ideology (definition/examples) |
A coherent way of viewing politics and government; ideological perspectives include beliefs about the military, the role of government, the proper relation between government and the economy, the value of social welfare programs, and the relative importance for society of liberty and order |
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War Power Resolution of 1973 (What is it?) |
A highly controversial measure passed over President Nixon's veto that stipulated that presidential commitments of U.S. military forces cannot extend beyond 60 days without specific congressional authorization |
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5th Amendment |
Provides the rights to a grand jury; Protects against double jeopardy (being tried twice for the same offense); Guarantees against state government's taking of one's property for public use without due process of law and just compensation |
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Marbury v. Madison (1803) (Significance of the case) |
case in which the Court 1st struck down legislation as unconstitutional; It established judicial review |
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Clear and present danger (free speech) |
A free speech test allowing states to regulate only speech that has an immediate connection to an action the states are permitted to regulate |
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The Thirteenth Amendment |
abolished slavery, was ratified in 1865 |
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The Fourteenth Amendment |
making african americans citizens and giving them rights of that citizenship |
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The Fifteenth Amendment |
granting African Americans suffrage, or the right to vote |
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The Nineteenth Amendment |
prohibits any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex |
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Dred Scott v. United States (1857) |
Scott was a slave taken by his master into the free state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin; After the death of his master, Scott claimed he was now a free man because he lived in free territories; The Supreme Court ruled that Scott could not sue in federal court because no African American, free or enslaved, could ever become a citizen of the U.S.; The court concluded that African Americans were not included under the word citizens in the Constitution and therefore had no rights under that document |
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Seneca Falls Convention (1848) |
was the first women's rights convention; advertised to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women; held in Seneca Falls, New York |
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Reynolds v. United States (1878) |
was a Supreme Court of the United States case that held that religious duty was not a defense to a criminal indictment; was the first supreme court opinion to address the impartial duty and confrontation clauses of the sixth amendment |
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The Missouri Compromise |
submitted by Henry Clay, was passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories |
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Judiciary Act of 1789 (What did it do?) |
was a landmark statue adopted on September 24, 1789; it established the U.S. federal judiciary |
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First Amendment (5 liberties) |
Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Speech and of the Press, Freedom of Assembly and Petition |
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The Inner Cabinet (What is it?) |
Consists of the Secretaries of the State, Treasury, Defense, and the Attorney General |
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The three types of federal judiciary courts |
U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Court of Appeals, U.S. District Courts |
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Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional |
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Trail of Tears (What is it about?) |
series of forced relocations of Native American nations in the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830 |
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
decision upholding the constitutionally of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal" |
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Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) |
act allowed the superintendent of public schools to reimburse private schools (mostly catholic) for the salaries of teachers who taught in these private schools, from public textbooks and with public instructional materials |
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Establishment and free exercise clause |
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religious belief, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof... |
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Agents of political socialization |
Family, Schooling, Peers, Television |
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Presidential Line of Succession (Next 2) |
Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President Pro tempore of the Senate, Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury |
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Executive Veto |
An executive can refuse to sign a bill and can return it to the legislature with a veto message explaining why. The legislature can attempt, first in the house where the bill originated, to override the veto by an extraordinary vote, usually a two-third majority |
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Executive (Constitutional Requirements) |
natural born citizen, 35 years old, resident of the U.S. for 14 years |
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Judiciary (Constitutional Requirements) |
appointed by president, confirmed by Senate, Chief Justice, president member of the court, determines who will write a majority opinion, selected by the President, presides over senate when the President is undergoing impeachment trials |
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Jim Crow Laws (What are they? Examples) |
Laws passed by southern states that separated the races in public places such as railroads, streetcars, schools, and cemeteries |
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Exit Poll |
Polls that question voters as they leave the voting booth to predict the outcome of an election |
