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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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IPM is an: |
- An ecosystem-based strategy - Seeks long-term prevention of pests - utilizes a combination of techniques - employs monitoring, thresholds, and selective pesticides - selects and applies pest control materials to minimize risk |
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What are examples of ecological scales? |
Organisms, population, community, landscape |
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When did IPM start? |
With knowing what's in the field in 1940's and 50's |
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What is included in the IPM triangle? |
Sampling -> Effective chemical use -> avoidance |
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What are the four key factors in integrating biological and chemical control? |
Recognition of the ecosystem, augmentation of natural enemies, population sampling, and selective controls. |
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What pest is found on cotton? |
Lygus hesperus |
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Economic threshold |
When pest population causes damage greater than cost of control, and results in economic injury level. |
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How do you forecast Lygus outbreaks? |
Relationship between spring rains and seasonal Lygus population densities. Frequency, duration and amount of rainfall. |
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What plants act as sources for Lygus? |
Alfalfa, safflower, and seed alfalfa. |
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When is movement of Lygus most likely to occur? |
Movement occurs when host no longer suitable, such as preparation for harvest. This happens when cotton is most susceptible. |
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Alfalfa forage is a key crop: |
It is a preferred Lygus host but is not susceptible to the damage. Acts as a sponge. |
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Management of fragmented landscapes planning for IPM |
Important to minimize boundary and interface. So it is better to have large plots that are surrounded than having a small plot that is surrounded. |
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What are pests? |
Pests are organisms that reduce the availability, quantity, or value of a human resources. |
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Preventive methods |
Keep pest problems from ever developing - resistant varieties, wee-free seed, building out pests. |
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Suppressive methods |
Reduce existing populations - pesticides, cultivation of weeds, solarization |
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Eradication |
aims to eliminate populations of pests entirely from an area - used for invading pests. Rarely successful. Do not involve IPM. |
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Problems engendering need for IPM |
- Development of resistance to pesticides - Secondary outbreaks of arthropod pests - Rapid resurgence of treated species - Toxic residues on crops and ecosystems - Hazards to pesticide handlers, other people, livestock and wildlife |
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Secondary pest outbreaks |
Pesticide applied to kill pest A also kills natural enemies controlling species B. Free of natural enemies, formerly innocuous organism B becomes a pest. |
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IPM management tools: |
Reliance on a combination of methods (biological control, resistant varieties, habitat manipulation), Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicated need, and pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks. |
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Importance of pest identification |
Requires identifying pest organisms, beneficial organisms, and population levels. Requires correlating pests to damage. |
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Pest detection and monitoring |
Early warning of potential problems, determine source, proper timing for control, and post-treatment monitoring |
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Types of natural enemies |
Predators, pathogens, and parasites |
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What is biological control? |
Any activity of one species that reduces the adverse effects of other species. Natural enemies. |
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Biological control of arthropods |
Pathogens, predators, parasitoids |
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What predators are predatory during all life changes? |
Predaceous ground beetles: larva and adult are predaceous |
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What predators are predatory during one state of life? |
Syrphid flies: predaceous as larva only |
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What are parasitoids? |
Female lays egg in host, The immature kills the host during its development, killing only one host. They have a prolonged specialized relationship with host. |
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Tactics for using natural enemies: |
- Classical biological control - Augmentation - Conservation and enhancement |
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Augmentation: |
Purchase and release of natural enemies |
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Inundation: |
Most common. Large number of natural enemies released several times over growing season (lady beetles) |
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Inoculation: |
Uncommon. Establish colony that reproduces itself on site. (mealybug destroyer) |
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Why does augmentation have few applications? |
- Species that are easy to rear are not the most effective - Often very host specific - Application timing has to be precise - Expensive |
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Conserving and enhancing biological control |
- Ant control - Habitat manipulation - pesticide management |
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Ant control: |
Can improve biological control of honeydew producers |
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Habitat management |
Strip or border harvesting in alfalfa hay. Uncut areas are left in parts of the field with every harvest. Keep natural enemies |
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What makes a successful natural enemy? |
- Host specific (life cycles synchronized with host) - Able to adapt and survive - Builds up populations before pest becomes damaging |
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Why confirm cause of damage before treating? |
Diagnosing problems can be difficult because of interacting factors. Poor cultural practices such as poor water management, improper mowing or pruning can pre-dispose plants to pest damage. |
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Characters that make a successful pest: |
- Easily adapt to disturbed and variable environments - strong competitive abilities - rapid reproduction - good dispersal capacities - good host finding capabilities |
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Insects: |
Head, thorax and abdomen. |
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Mites: |
two body parts, 4 pairs of legs |
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Sucking mouthparts |
Insects can cause plants to discolor or become distorted. Often leave honeydew or sticky excrement |
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What is an exotic invasive pests? |
Non-native to the local ecosystem, invasive is likely to move within the ecosystem and cause environmental or economic harm. |
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Host plant resistance (HPR) |
Plant's can't move; therefore need resistance to prevent pest injury. It is a fundamental approach to management of pathogen, nematode and arthropod pests. |
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Resistance operates at a biochemical level |
Only works for pests that feed on plants |
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Some advantages of HPR |
- Season long protection - Results in less pesticide use - Ideally suited to IPM - only cost is the seed |
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Mechanisms of resistance |
Antixenosis, germination inhibition, antibiosis, tolerance, and immunity |
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Antixenosis: |
pest behavior altered by host plant (physical, chemical). Example is leaf hopper on hairy plant (cannot gain access) |
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Antibiosis: |
allelopathic chemicals, protein |
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Physiological bases of resistance |
plant-derived chemicals from the bases for antixenosis and antibiosis |
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Constitutive resistance |
Protectant chemical accumulates in plant as part of normal metabolic processes |
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induced resistance |
protectant chemical develops in response to external signal, such as pest attack or other environmental stresses (possibility of immunizing crops against later pathogen or insect attack) |
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Limitations to conventional plant breeding for IPM |
- Must be applied before the problem is seen - requires considerable time and resources - resistance must exist within the species - pest overcomes the resistance |
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Transgenic crops: |
Plants into which a gene or genes from an unrelated species have been introduced using genetic engineering technology |
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Advantages of transgenic crops |
Increased yield and quality over conventional insecticides. Decreased insecticides use along with less impact on beneficial. |
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Cultural pest control: |
- Site selection - sanitation - destruction of alternative host - habitat modification - smother crops and cover crops - crop rotation - planting and harvesting date - irrigation and water management - fertilization and soil amendment |
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Philosophy of the client |
- cost - contract - organic free of pesticides - home owner vs. gold course |
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What to consider to select pesticide? |
Efficacy, selectivity, application site, potential hazards, subsequent crops, cultural practices, and weather and soil conditions |
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Types of pesticides |
Inorganic chemicals, synthetic organic chemicals, and biopesticides |
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Pesticide modes of action |
Affect plant systems, affect animals, affect fundamental life processes (biocides) |
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What is a selective pesticide? |
Kills some organisms while not harming desirable species |
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Pesticide classification by time of use |
- seed treatment - state seedbed - preplanting - preplant incorporated (PPI) - at planting incorporated - preemergence (PRE) |
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Pesticide application |
Most pesticides must be diluted in a carrier for application |
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cross resistance |
pest population is inheritable resistance to two or more pesticide which either act on the same target site |
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multiple resistance |
weed population evolved resistance to two or more different mechanism |
