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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Government
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the legitimate use of force to control human behavior; also the organization authorized to exercise that force.
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Order
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the rule of law to preserve life and protect property.
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Political efficacy
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believe that you can affect decisions being made by government.
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Autocracy
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rule by one person (king)
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Oligarchy
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rule by a few people (military)
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Democracy
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rule by the people
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three purposes of government
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maintaining order, providing public goods, and promoting equality
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Freedom of
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the absence of constraints on behavior
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Freedom from
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suggests immunity from something undesirable or negative.
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Police Power
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authority of government to maintain order and safeguard residents' safety, health welfare, and morals
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Political Equality
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one vote per person, with all votes counted equally
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Equality of Opportunity
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the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life.
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Equality of outcome
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society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status to achieve economic and social equality
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The Original dilemma
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Freedom vs. Order
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The Modern dilemma
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Freedom vs. Equality
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Totalitarianism
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the belief that government should have unlimited power
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Capitalism
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system of government that favors free enterprise
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Libertarianism
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opposes all government action except that which is necessary to protect life and property
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Anarchism
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values freedom above all else, one ruler
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Liberals
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those who are willing to use government to promote equality but not order
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Conservatives
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those who are willing to use government to promote order, but not equality
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Communitarians
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those who are willing to use government to promote both order and equality
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Majority rule
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the decision of a group must reflect the preference of more than half of those participating; a simple majority
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Interest Group
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an organized group of individuals that seek to influence public policy
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Pluralism
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public policy not formulated by majority; interest groups
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Declaration of Independence
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explains who we are and why US is doing what they want
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Social Contract theory
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legitimate purpose of government is to exist for the benefit of the people, not for the benefit of those who govern
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Articles of Confederation
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the compact among the thirteen original stats that established the first government of the US
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Virginia Plan
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a set of proposals for a new government, submitted to the Constitutional Convention of 1787
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Legislative Branch
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the lawmaking branch; 2 houses
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Judicial Branch
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the law-interpreting branch
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Executive Branch
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the law-enforcing branch (president)
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New Jersey Plan
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a set of nine resolutions that would have, in effect, preserved the Articles of Confederation by amending rather than replacing them
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Great Compromise
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(Connecticut) a plan calling for a bicameral legislature in which the House of Representatives would be apportioned according to population and the states would be represented equally in the senate
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Federalism
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the division of power between a central government and regional governments
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Republicanism
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power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives
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Separation of Powers
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the assignment of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to separate branches of gov.
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Enumerated powers
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Congress can exercise only the powers that the Constitution assigns to it
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Necessary and proper Clause
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(elastic clause) gives Congress the means to execute the enumerated powers
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Judicial review
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the power to declare government acts invalid because they violate the Constititution
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Bill of Rights
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the first 10 amendments to the Constitution
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Federalism
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two or more governments exercise power and authority over the same people and the same territory
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Dual federalism
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a view that holds the Constitution is a compact among sovereign states, so that the powers of the national gov are fixed and limited
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Cooperative Federalism
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a view that holds that the Constitution is an agreement among people who are citizens of both state and nation, there is little distinction between state and national powers
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Judicial Interpretation
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national government has power to set voter qualifications
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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
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supreme court asked to rule whether Congress had the power to establish a national bank, if so, whether states had the power to tax that bank
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Dread Scott Decision
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the court decided that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories
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Grant in aid
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money provided by one level of government to another
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Categorical grant
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a grant-in-aid targeted for a specific purpose by formula or by project
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Formula grant
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a grant distributed according to a particular formula that specifies who is eligible for the grant and how much each applicant will recieve
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Project grant
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a grant awarded on the basis of competitive applications submitted by prospective recipients
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Block grant
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a grant-in-aid awarded for general purposes, allowing the recipient, great discretion in spending the grant money
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Preemption
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the power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes total or partial responsibility for a state government function
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Mandate
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a requirement that a state undertake an activity or provide a service in keeping with minimum national standards
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Restraint
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a requirement laid down by act of Congress prohibiting a state or local government from exercising a certain power
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Municipal government
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unit that administers a city or town
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County government
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unit that administers a county
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Separation of Powers
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the assignment of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to separate branches of government
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Checks and balances
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a government structure that gives each branch some scrutiny of and control over the other branches
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