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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Agent
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Someone who makes and implements decisions on behalf of someone else.
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Authority
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The right to make and implement a decision
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Bargaining
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a form of negotiation in which two or more parties who disagree propse exchanges and concessions to find a course of acceptable collective action
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Coalition
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An alliance of unlike-minded individuals or groups to achieve some common purpose such as lobbying, legislating, or campaigning for the election of public officials
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Collective Action
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an action taken by a group of like-minded individuals to achieve a common goal.
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collective goods
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goods that are collectively produced and freely available for anyone's consumption
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compromise
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settlement in which each side concedes some of its preferences in order to secure others.
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conformity costs
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the difference between what a pson ideall wants and what the groups wants. Individuals pay conformity costs when the group makes a decision they dont like
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constitution
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document outlining teh formal rules and institutions of government adn the limits placed on its powers
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coordination
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act of organizing a group to achieve a common goal
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delegation
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the giving of responsibility to someone else
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direct democracy
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system of gov't which citizens make policy decisions by voting on legislation
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focal point
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focus identified by participants when coordinating their energies for a common goal
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free-rider problem
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situation where individuals can get the benefits for a collective act, regaurdless if they helped or not. Issue: No contribution incentive.
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government
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the institutions and procedures through which people are ruled
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institutions
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in a democracy, organization that manages potential conflicts and helps find solutions. ex: supreme court
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majority rule
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principle that decisions should refelct the wants of more than half of those voting
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parliamentary government
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form of government where the chief executive is chosen by the majority party or by a coalition of parties in the legislature
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Plurality
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a vote in which the winning candidate receives the greatest number fo votes.
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Politicians
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elected professional who provides reasons for people with differences to join in a common goal
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Politics
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Process where individuals and groups reach agreement on a common course of actions.
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Power
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officeholder's actual influences with other officeholders, and over govt's actions
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preferences
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individuals choices reflecting economic, religious, government and other valued interests
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principal
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individual with authority to make some decision
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prisoner's dilemma
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situation in which 2 or more actors can't agree b/c one fears the other won't follow the agreement
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private good
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benefits and services over which the owner has full control of their use
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privatizing
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prevent a common resource from being overexploited by tying teh benefit of its consumption to its cost
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public good
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goods that are collectively produced and afreely available for ayone's consumption
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regulation
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an official rule, law, or order stating what may or may not be done or how something must be done
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representative government
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system where citizens select government officials who deliberate and commit to collective action
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republic
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form of democracy in which power is vested in elected representatives
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separation of powers
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distribution of gov't among several institutions. 3 branches
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simple majority
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majority of fifty percent plus one
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supermajorities
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majority larger than a simple 51%. Required for extraordinary legislative actions.
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tragedy of the commons
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situation in which group members overexploit a common resource, causing its destruction
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transaction costs
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costs of doing business reflected in teh time and effort required to negotiate compromises in collective decisions
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tyranny
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gov't where the ruling power exploits its authority and permits little popular control
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Veto
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formal power of the president to reject bills. can be overriden by 2/3 vote in each house.
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Antifederalists
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loosely organized group that opposed ratification of the constitution. Led to adoption of the first 10 amendments
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Articles of Confederation
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pact among hte 13 states that formed the basis of the first national gov't of the US
1777-1789 |
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Bicameral Legislature
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legislature composed of 2 houses. U.S. congress = HOUSE and SENATE
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Bill of Rights
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first 10 amendments to teh US Constitution
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Checks and Balances
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gives each branch some oversight adn control of the other branches. Pres. veto, senate approval of pres, judical review of congress
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Commerce Clause
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in Article 1 sec 8 of constitution; cogress has authority to regulate commerce with other nations and among states
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Confederation
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system where states/ regional govt's retain ultimate authority except pwoers they expressly give a central gov't
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delcaration of independence
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by Thoman Jefferson; accepted by 2nd Continental Congress 1776; indepenence of 13 colonies by Great Britain
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Electoral College
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Body of electors in each state, chosen by voters who elect the Pres and VP of the US.
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factions
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group of people sharing common interests & are opposed to other groups with competing interests.
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federalists
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2 groups; group 1: supported ratification of the constitution. group 2: federalist party = dominated national politics
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great compromise
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agreement between large & small states at the Constitutional Convention that decided on how Congress would work.
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Home Rule
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power given by a state to a locality to enact legislation and manage its own affairs.
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Judicial Review
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authority of a court to declare legislative adn executive acts unconstitutional and invalid.
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Logroll
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result of a legislative vote trading.
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Nationalists
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Constitutional Reformers who sought to replace teh articles of Confederation.
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Necessary and Proper Clause
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last clause of Article 1, Sec 8 of constitution; greats congress authority to make all laws that are "necessary adn proper" and to enforce them.
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New Jersey Plan
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William Patterson's proposal for reforming teh Articles of Confederation.
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Pluralism
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theory describing a political system where all social interests compete with one another for influence over teh govt's policies.
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Popular Sovereignty
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citizen's delegation of authority to their agents in gov't, with ability to take them away, too.
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Shay's Rebellion
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Uprising led by Danial Shays, to protest teh state's high taxes. Shows weakness of the Articles of Confed.
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States' Rights
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safegaurds against a too-powerful gov't. Guarded state prerogatives.
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Supremacy Clause
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Article 6 of the Constitution declaring states the "supreme" law of the land and take precedence over any laws adopted by states or localities.
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Take Care Clause
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Article 2, Sec 3 of Constitution telling the Pres to "take care that the laws be executed faithfully"
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Virginia Plan
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Constitutional Blueprint by J. Madison that sought to reform teh Articles of Confed. introduced a tripartite gov't with a pop. voted legislature.
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block grant
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broad $ grant given by federal gov't to states. grant specifies what the $ may be used for.
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Cutthroat Competition
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competition among states that involves adopting politices that each sate would like to avoid.
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Dual Federalism
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system in which the fed. gov't adn state govt's each have mutually exclusive spheres of action.
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elastic clause
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allows congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary adn proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing powers"
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enumerated powers
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explicit powers given to congress by Constitution, Article 1, sec 8. Include taxxation, coinage of $, commerce regulation, etc.
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Externality
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Public goods or bads generated as a byproduct of private activity. ex: air pollution = bad.
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Federalism
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when power is divided between a central gov't adn several regional gov'ts.
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Grants-in-Aid
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funds given by ongress to state or local govt's for a specific purpose
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Matching Grant
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grant given by Fed gov't for with teh fed gov't provides matching funds (usually between 1-2 $) for every $ the state spends in a certain area.
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Nationalization
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Shifting to the national government responsibilities traditionally exercised by the states.
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Preemption Legislation
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laws passed by congress that ovveride/preempt state or local policies
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race to the bottom
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when states 'race' or compete to provide a min. level of servies or regulation.
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Shared Federalism
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system where teh national and state govt's share in providing citizens with a set of goods
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Tenth Amendment
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offers the most explicit endorsement of federalism in the Constitution. "Powers not delegated to teh US by Constitution are reserved to the states or people"
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Unitary Government
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a single gov't holds the power to govern the nation (NOT like federalism, where power is shared among many units)
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Nationalization
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Shifting to the national government responsibilities traditionally exercised by the states.
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Affirmattive Action
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policies/programs designed to expand opportunities for minorities/women. Sometimes requiring the organization to expand teh # of minorities
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Preemption Legislation
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laws passed by congress that ovveride/preempt state or local policies
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Black Codes
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laws enacted by southern legislatures after Civil War; prevented former slaves from voting & holding certain jobs, etc.
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race to the bottom
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when states 'race' or compete to provide a min. level of servies or regulation.
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Civil Liberties
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Constitutional & Legal protections from gov't interference w/ personal rights and freedoms. Freedom of speech, assembly & religion.
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Shared Federalism
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system where teh national and state govt's share in providing citizens with a set of goods
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Civil Rights
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Powers/privileges that are conferred on citizens by Constitution and courts that entitle them to make claims upon the gov't
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Tenth Amendment
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offers the most explicit endorsement of federalism in the Constitution. "Powers not delegated to teh US by Constitution are reserved to the states or people"
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Unitary Government
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a single gov't holds the power to govern the nation (NOT like federalism, where power is shared among many units)
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Affirmattive Action
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policies/programs designed to expand opportunities for minorities/women. Sometimes requiring the organization to expand teh # of minorities
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Black Codes
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laws enacted by southern legislatures after Civil War; prevented former slaves from voting & holding certain jobs, etc.
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Civil Liberties
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Constitutional & Legal protections from gov't interference w/ personal rights and freedoms. Freedom of speech, assembly & religion.
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Civil Rights
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Powers/privileges that are conferred on citizens by Constitution and courts that entitle them to make claims upon the gov't
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De Facto Segregation
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segregation that results from practice rather than from law.
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De Jure Segregation
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segregation enacted into law and imposed by the government.
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Fugitive Slave Law
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1850 law compelling notherners to honor southerners' property claims to slaves.
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Grandfather Clauses
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statuses stating that people whose grandfather had voted before Reconstruction could vote, unless they passed aliteract/wealth test.
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Hate Crime
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voilent crime directed against individuals, property or organizations solely because of race, gender, origin, or sex
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Jim Crow Laws
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series of laws to institute segregation in the South. "whites only" public accommodations, etc.
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Literacy Test
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legal barrier used to exclude blacks from voting.
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Poll Tax
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tax imposed on people when they register to vote. primarily to keep black voters away
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Quotas
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specific shares of college admissions, gov't contracts adn jobs set aside for pop. groups that have suffered from past discrimination
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De Facto Segregation
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segregation that results from practice rather than from law.
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Racial Profiling
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Identifying the suspects of a crime solely on the basis of their race/ethnicity.
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De Jure Segregation
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segregation enacted into law and imposed by the government.
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Fugitive Slave Law
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1850 law compelling notherners to honor southerners' property claims to slaves.
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Grandfather Clauses
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statuses stating that people whose grandfather had voted before Reconstruction could vote, unless they passed aliteract/wealth test.
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Hate Crime
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voilent crime directed against individuals, property or organizations solely because of race, gender, origin, or sex
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Jim Crow Laws
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series of laws to institute segregation in the South. "whites only" public accommodations, etc.
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Literacy Test
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legal barrier used to exclude blacks from voting.
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Poll Tax
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tax imposed on people when they register to vote. primarily to keep black voters away
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Quotas
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specific shares of college admissions, gov't contracts adn jobs set aside for pop. groups that have suffered from past discrimination
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Racial Profiling
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Identifying the suspects of a crime solely on the basis of their race/ethnicity.
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Segregation
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political/social practice of separating whites and blacks into dual and highly unequal schools, hospitals, etc.
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Separate but Equal Doctrine
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Supreme Court-initiated doctrine that separates facilities for balcks and whites under equal protection under 14th amend.
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Suffragists
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Women who campaigned in teh early twentieth century for teh right of women to vote.
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White Primary
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practice that permitted political parties to exclude blacks from voting. Mainly South.
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Clear and Present Danger Test
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rule used by Supreme Court to distinguish between speech prpotected and not protect by 1st amendment
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Clear and Probable Danger Test
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rule introduced for the courts to enlist in free expression cases.
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Community Standards
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Supreme Courts ruling that a work is obscene if it is "utterly without redeeming social importance"
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Cruel adn Unusual Punishment
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criminal penalties that aren't considered appropriate by a society. Being put to death without it being ordered
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Due Process Clause
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found in 5th adn 14th amendments in Constitution protecting citizens from arbitrary action by national and state gov'ts
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Equal Protection Clause
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14th amendment clause promising all citizens equal protection of the laws. No discrimination against race/women.
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Establishment of Religion Clause
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first clause of 1st amendment. Prohibits the national gov't from establishing a national religion
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Exclusionary Rule
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judicial rule prohibiting the police from using at trial evidence obtained through illegal search adn seizure.
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Free Exercise Clause
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2nd clause of 1st amendment. Forbids national gov't to interfere with teh exercise of religion.
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Incorporation
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Supreme Court's extension of teh guarantees of teh Bill of Rights to state & local gov't gov'ts through various interpretations of 14th amend
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Lemon Test
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most far-reaching of teh controversial cases where S.C. specificied 3 conditions for relgions for states
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Miranda Rule
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Requirements that police inform suspects that they have a right to remain silent, to counsel, etc.
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Neutrality Test
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policy favored by justices in religion decisions. Used to prevent favoritism among religious groups
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Penumbras
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Judicially created rights based on various promises of the Bill of rights.
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Privileges and Immunities Clause
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sec. 1 of 14th amendment saying that "no state will make/enforce any law that will abridge the privielges of the people"
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Selective Incorporation
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Supreme Court's gradual process of assuming guardianship of vicil liberties by applying piecemeal the various provisions of the Bill of Rights to state laws and practices
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