Adugeo103 Plate Tectonics And Origin

Front 1

A theory that explained how continents shift position on Earths surface

Back 1

Continental drift

Front 2

Who proposed the Continental Drift Theory?

Back 2

Alfred Wegener, meteorologist & physicist

Front 3

Year of birth and Death of Papa Wegener

Back 3

1880-1930

Front 4

Single Supercontinent consist of All Earths Land masses

Back 4

Pangaea

Front 5

Pangaea means?

Back 5

All lands

Front 6

When did the Pangaea starts to break up?

Back 6

200 Ma

Front 7

Month where Wegener died

Back 7

November

Front 8

List all the Evidences used in Cont Drift theory

Back 8

Continental Jigsaw Puzzle

Fossils match across the seas

Rock types & Geologic Features

Ancient Climates

Lithology

Paleomagnetism

Front 9

An aquatic fish catching reptile whose fossil remains are limited to black shales of the Permian period 260Ma in Eastern South America and South Western SA

Back 9

Mesosaurus

Front 10

A Plant identified by its tongue shaped leaves & seeds that were too large to be carried by the wind.

Back 10

Glossopteris

Front 11

This is one of the evidences that uses the glacial data among the continents

Back 11

Ancient Climates

Front 12

Explain the Counter argument of Ancient Climate

"How could extensive ice sheets form near the equator?"

Back 12

One proposal suggested that our planet experienced a period of extreme global cooling

However Wegener rejected ...

Front 13

The uppermost mantle and the overlying crust behave as a strong, rigid layer

Back 13

Lithosphere

Front 14

Lithosphere which is broken into a segments commonly referred to as

Back 14

Plates

Front 15

Plates overlies a weak region in the mantle

Back 15

Asthenosphere

Front 16

A massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both cont and oceanic litho...

Back 16

Tectonic plates

Front 17

List all Major Plates

Back 17

North American

South american

Pacific

African

Eurasian

Austrialian-Indian

Antarctic

Front 18

List all the cute Minor Plates

Back 18

Carribean

Nazca

Philippine

Arabian

Cocos

Scotia

Juan de Fuca

Front 19

Constructive margins where 2 plates move apart

Back 19

Divergent Boundaries

Front 20

Elevated areas of the seafloor that are characterized by High heat floe and volcanism

Back 20

Oceanic Ridges

Front 21

Length of Global Ridge system

Back 21

70000km

Front 22

Explain the process in forming of Oceanic Ridge

Back 22

Bla bla bla

Front 23

T/F

It takes 80m years for temp of crust to stabilize snd contraction to cease

Back 23

T

Front 24

T/F

As soon as old lith.. forms, it is slowly yet continually displaced away from the zone of upwelling

Back 24

False, "new lith.. Forms"

Front 25

T/F

Rock that was once part of the elevated oceanic ridge system is located in the deep ocean trenches where it my be buries by substantial accumulations of sediment.

Back 25

False, "Deep ocean basin"

Front 26

A deep down faulted structure

This structure is evidence that tensional forces are actively pulling the ocean crust apart at the ridge crest

Back 26

Rift Valley

Front 27

The mechanism that operates along the oceanic ridge system to create new seafloor.

Back 27

Seafloor Spreading

Front 28

Rates of Spreading of Seafloor

Back 28

5cm per year

Front 29

Occurs where opposing tectonic forces act to pull the lithosphere apart.

Back 29

Continental Rifting

Front 30

The initial stage of rifting tend to include mantle upwelling that is associated with broad upwarding of the overlying lithosphere.

Back 30

Continental Rifting

Front 31

Who discovered the remains of Homo habilis and Homo erectus

Back 31

Louis And Mary Leakey

Front 32

Destructive margins where 2 plates move together, resulting in oceanic lithosphere descending beneath an overriding plate.

Back 32

Convergent Boundaries

Front 33

The surface manifestations produced as oceanic litho.. descends into the mantle.

Back 33

Deep-ocean trenches

Front 34

These are large linear depressions are remarkably long and deep.

Back 34

Deep-ocean trenches

Front 35

When a descending oceanic slab reaches a depth of about 100km, melting is triggered within the wedge of hot asthenosphere that lies above it.

Back 35

Oceanic-Continental Conv

Front 36

Is thought to generate about 10% molten material, w/c is intermixed w/ unmelted mantle rock.

Back 36

Partial melting

Front 37

Where do water come from?

Back 37

Hydrous minerals

And sedimentary carapace

Front 38

The sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the Earth's plate of the frust jnto the mantle beneath another plate.

Back 38

Subduction

Front 39

The overthrusting of oceanic lithosphere onto continental lithosphere at a convergent plate where cont litho is being subducted beneath oceanic lith

Back 39

Obduction

Front 40

Good Example of a Volcanic Island Arc

Back 40

Philippine Isands

Front 41

Conservative margin where two plates grind past each other wothout the production or destruction

Back 41

Transform

Front 42

Prominent linear brraks in the seafloor

Back 42

Fracture zone

Front 43

Includes both the active transforn faults as well as their inactive extension into the plate interior

Back 43

Fracture Zone

Front 44

List all Plate tectonic mode evidences

Back 44

Ocean drilling

Hotspot

Paleomagnetism

Magnetic reversal

Front 45

A drilling ship capable of working in water thousands of meters deep, was built.

Back 45

Glomar challenger

Front 46

An area of volcanism, high heat flow, and crustal uplifting that is a few hundred km across.

Back 46

Hot Spot

Front 47

A cylindrically shaped upwelling of hot rock.

Back 47

Mantle plume

Front 48

As the pacific plate moved over hot spot, a chain of volcanic structure.

Back 48

Hot-spot track

Front 49

It shows that the volcanoes increase in age w/ increasing distance from "big island" of hawaii. The radiometric dating of this struct is called

Back 49

Hawaiian island-emperor seamount chain

Front 50

Unlike the pull of gravity, we cannot feel earths magnetic, yet its presence is revealed because it deflects a compass needle.

Back 50

Paleomagnetism

Front 51

The magnetic alignment of fe-rich minerals in lava flows of different ages indicated that the position of the paleomagnetic poles had changed through time.

Back 51

Apparent polar wandering

Front 52

The north magentic pole becones the sout pole and vicr versa

Back 52

Magnetic reversal

Front 53

Explain why plates move in 3 ways

Back 53

Bla nla and bla

Front 54

Occurs because cold slabs of oceanic litho are more dense than the underlying astheno and hence sink like a rock

Back 54

Slab pull

Front 55

Gravity mechanism results from the elevated position of the oceanic ridge, w/c causes slabs of lithosphere to slide down the flanks of the ridge

Back 55

Ridge push

Front 56

The measurement of ocean depth and thr charting of the shape or topo of oce floor

Back 56

Bathymetry

Front 57

The site of seafloor production

Back 57

Ridge crest

Front 58

It means depth

Back 58

Bathos

Front 59

It means measurement

Back 59

Metry

Front 60

List all ways of measuring ocean depth

Back 60

Sonar

Echo sounder

Seismic reflection profile

Through satellite

Front 61

List all provinces of ocean floor

Back 61

Continental margins

Deep ocean basin

Mid-oceanic ridges

Front 62

Consist of cont crust capped w/ weathered materials eroded from adjacent landmasses

Back 62

Passive cont margin

Front 63

Occur where oceanic lith subducts into the mantle beneath the edge of a continent.

Back 63

Active cont margin

Front 64

Are narrow and consist of highly deformed sediments that were scraped from the descending lithospherocbslab and plastered against the margib of the overriding continent.

Back 64

Active cont margin

Front 65

A gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep-ocean basin. Because it is underlain by cont crust, it is clearly a flooded extension of the continents.

Back 65

Continental shelf

Front 66

A portion where cont slope merge into more gradual incline that extends seaward for hundred of km.

Back 66

Continental rise

Front 67

Consist of thick accumulation of sedinent that has moved down the cont slope and onto deep ocean floor.

Back 67

Continental rise

Front 68

Chaotic accumulation of deformed sediment and scraps of oceanic crust.

Back 68

Accretionary wedge

Front 69

Found between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge

Back 69

Deep-ocean basin

Front 70

Are long, relatively narrow creasses in the seafloor that deepest parts of the ocean floor.

Back 70

Deep-Ocean trenches

Front 71

Are deep, flat features in fact they are likely the most level places on earth.

Back 71

Abyssal plain

Front 72

The place that has the most extensive abyssal plains

Back 72

Atlantic ocean

Front 73

Submarine volcanoes which may rise hundreds of meters

Back 73

Seamounts

Front 74

A.k.a Tablemounts it is submerged flat topped seamounts

Back 74

Guyot

Front 75

Generated from vast out purings of fluid basaltic lavas.

Back 75

Ocean Plateaus

Front 76

Ring shaped structures that often extend from slightly above sea level to depths of several thous meters

Back 76

Atolls

Front 77

Are tiny animals that generally appear in large nunbers and when linked from colonies

Back 77

Corals

Front 78

Sites where lithosphere is descending into the mantle

Back 78

Subduction Zone

Front 79

Who formulated thr seafloor spreading and where did he graduate or when he proposed this

Back 79

Harry Hess, Princeton Uni, 1960's

Front 80

The upper layer of ophiolite is a sequence of unconsolidated sediments.

Back 80

Layer1

Front 81

Below the layer in Ophiolite is the layer of sediments isba rock unit composed mainly of basaltic lavas that contain abudndant pillow like structures

Back 81

Layer 2

Front 82

A rock composed mainly of basaltic lavas that contain pillow like structures

Back 82

Pillow basalts

Front 83

The middle in ophiolite is a rocky layer made up of numerous interconnected dikes

Back 83

Layer 3

Front 84

The lowest unit in Ophiolite is mainly gabbro

Back 84

Layer 4

Front 85

A coarse grained equivalent of basalt

Back 85

Gabbro

Front 86

Are chimneys formed from deposits of FeSO4

Back 86

Black smokers

Front 87

Chinneys formed from deposits of Ba Ca and Si

Back 87

White smokers

Front 88

Meaning of SONAR

Back 88

Sound Navigating and Range

Front 89

First device thats used sound to measure water depth

Back 89

Echo sounder

Front 90

A system for the detection of objects under water and for measuring thr waters depth

Back 90

SONAR

Front 91

Using an air gun, low freq sound will be produced and penetrates the sea floor and reflect of the boundaries between rock layers and fault surface

Back 91

Seismic Reflection Profile

Front 92

Rocks exhibit the same magnetism as the present magnetic field.

Back 92

Normal Polarity

Front 93

Rocks exhibiting the opposite magnetism

Back 93

Reverse polarity

Front 94

A transmitting sound wave for Echo sounders to work

Back 94

Ping

Front 95

Component of coral's hard external skeleton

Back 95

CaCO3

Front 96

Large build up of CaCO3 from Corals

Back 96

Reefs

Front 97

Made up of Interconnected dikes having a nearly vertical orientation

Back 97

Sheeted dike