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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sources of campaign news
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most Americans get their campaign news from TV ?
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patterns of election coverage
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1) increase in unfavorable news coverage of the candidates 2) increase in game instead of policy frames 3) increase in interpretive instead of descriptive frames 4) shrinking sound bite 5) rise of new media 6) image and performance (focus on gaffes)
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news frames
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contexts in which stories are reported
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game strategy v. policy/issue frames
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the media presents more stories from a game/strategy context than from an issue/policy context/FRAME; the media focuses on the 'horse race' aspect of politics
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interpretive v. descriptive frameworks
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interpretive stories focus less on the "what" and more on the analysis of that; this blurs the line between objective reporting and opinion (membrane of opinion v. analysis)
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shrinking sound bite
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because of the news increasing concern with entertainment and interpretive frames, the length of a sound bite has decreased a lot since the 60s
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spiral of cynicism
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increase in cynicism in patterns of election coverage
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patterns of news watching
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1) TV is main source of political news for most people 2) Americans watch a lot of TV 3) declining viewership of evening news 4) rise of cable news 5) viewing varies by age and partisanship
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challenges in studying media effects
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no experimental setting can show this, problems of 1) measuring exposure and 2) self-selection: exposure, selection, and recall
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hypodermic model
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*
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minimal effects model
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*
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nature and logic of experimentation
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*
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internal v. external validity
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internal validity: did the 'treatment' make a difference?
external validity: can this experiment be generalized for the rest of society or to other experiments? |
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random assignment
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this ensures that an experiment's outcome is based on the the experiment, not a pattern in the subjects
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sequential v. assemblage experiments
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from Patterson's experiments of TV coverage, sequential experiments were when subjects watched the news over a period of days and weeks, while assemblage was a lot in a short amount of time (I think)
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agenda-setting effect
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news that receives prominent attention in the media becomes a story that people believe is important; media tells us what is important
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priming effect
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blahh: calling attention to some matters while ignoring others, priming subtly controls in what context viewers understand a story
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nasty ad hypothesis
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the idea that negative ads undermine democratic discourse and erode participation
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"inverted" Timothy Leary effect
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citizens "tune in, turn off, drop out"
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demobilization hypothesis
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the idea that negative ads demobilize a candidate's opponent's voters; at least maybe they won't vote
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political efficacy
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*
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stimulation hypothesis
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negative ads increase voter turnout: 1) they contain valuable information and resources, they propel voters to vote 2) negative ads heighten interest because positive ads are boring 3) raise the stakes and make the election seem more important 4) schoolyard analysis
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negative ad
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an ad that attack's the opponent
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positive ad
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an ad that discusses the positive qualities of a candidate
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contrast ad
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an ad with both positive and negative messages, though usually more negative
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ad: objectives
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1) persuasion 2) reinforcement 3) demobilization
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explicit messages
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explicit message: verbal and text message of an ad
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implicit message
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music, sound, images, anything other than what the narrator says (choice of announcer, backdrops, setting, stand-ins, attempts to invoke emotion, etc
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ad content: proximity message
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a candidate's attempt to appear similar to certain constituency because of character, ideology, and/or background
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ad content: emotional appeals
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*
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ad content: use of surrogates
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usually used for negative ads, this makes the attack seem less personal, as if the candidate didn't create it
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ads as multivitamins
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*
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informational content of ads
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*
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"Freak Show" ad
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where the old people talk about the kinds of things that are 'un-Iowa' and that they don't want where they live
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"Daisy" ad
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little girl, nuclear explosion
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"Tank" ad
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Dukakis tried to show he was experienced with the military, but ended up looking ridiculous and Bush Sr. made an ad that mocked him for that and used his image against him
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"Windsurfing" ad
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Bush Jr. used image of Kerry windsurfing against him in two ways: not many Americans windsurf, proximity attack, and used the context to talk about Kerry's flip-flopping
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"Morning in America" ad
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Reagan's super-positive ad featuring flags, white people, and tone of progress
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"Bear in the Woods" ad
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Reagan's ad to subtly talk about his ability to face USSR and communism, "if there is a bear"
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"Wolves" ad
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Bush Jr's version of the "Bear in the Woods" ad, where the Wolves represent terrorists
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"Willie Horton" ad
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Bush Sr. used Willie Horton's crime as the subject of an ad about crime in Mass, where Dukakis had been governor
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"Revolving Door" ad
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another ad about crime, Bush Sr. said Dukakis wanted the Revolving Door policy for all US while priming audience to think about Horton's violent crime
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"Playboy Party" ad
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something about racism and Ford
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"Chuck Norris" ad
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wow Mike Huckabee
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methods of studying advertising, measuring ad exposure
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*
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Wisconsin/CMAG tracking data
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tool that tracks what ads are broadcast how often and where, perhaps even what times
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ads made v. ads broadcast
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something about how ads are played different amounts, thanks to CMAG, we know that number of ads means nothing, number they are played does
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Jeopardy/Wheel of fortune
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prime time for political ads because these shows are after the afternoon news and before primetime tv shows - cheap but still large-ish audience
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social capital
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features of social life (networks, trust, norms) that enable community members to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives
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civic engagement
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people's connections with the life of their community, not only with politics
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political cynicism v. skepticism
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cynicism is a mistrust in politics, leaders; predisposition to disbelieve
skepticism is the doctrine that all knowledge is uncertain; withhold judgments/opinions until more clear; this is good for democracy |
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issue frames v. strategic frames
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the media presents more stories from a game/strategy context than from an issue/policy context/FRAME; the media focuses on the 'horse race' aspect of the campaign
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mass media and democratic linkage
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as Tocqueville said, media is a link, but is it a bridge or a barrier? Some (Patterson, McChesney) say bigger media has negative effect on citizens and democratic life
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democratic v. authoritarian media models
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authoritarian - state ownership and strict control of media; spread propaganda; media help bring public opinion in line with government policy
democratic - media provide info critical to democratic linkage; constitutionally protected and independent; help bring government policy in line with public opinion |
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Enemy Ravens
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that thing about authoritarian news?...
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propaganda
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*
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Voice of America
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US's only public media, only released in other nations, not the US
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permeable membranes
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1) opinion/analysis v. news
2) blogosphere v. mainstream news 3) news v. entertainment |
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public, semi-public, private ownership
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public - fully under governmental control, no public media in US
semi-public - ex: PBS funded by CPB funded by the government, not directly government-controlled private: everything else |
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CPB, PBS
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government gives money to CPB to give to PBS so that PBS is not directly funded and therefore influenced by the government, keeps it from being public, it's semi-public
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Postcards from Buster
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incident where a show on semi-public PBS showed Buster the bunny visiting a two-mom family, many were outraged that their tax dollars were showing children homosexuality
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penny press
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first modern newspaper, had reporters, objective reporting; came about because of democratic market society
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FDR's wheelchair v. Reagan's colon
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shows the difference in what the media feels is appropriate news; no one knew FDR used a wheelchair but now everyone knows everything about the president
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concentration and consolidation of ownership
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recent trend - 80% of newspapers owned by conglomerates in the 1990s; Clear Channel owns most of radio
lose viewpoint diversity and localism! |
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multiple ownership
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one company owns lots of properties in single media; ex: Clear Channel owns LOTS of radio stations
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cross-media ownership
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owning different kinds of media (ex: newspaper and tv station)
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sins of omission/commission
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omission - what gets left out when corporations have other interests
commission - what gets included for the sake of corporate interests; not really news, but the desire of affiliates to make something known |
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Starbucksification
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large corps like Starbucks provide comfort and familiarity, but squeeze out local establishments
lose viewpoint diversity and localism! |
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First Amendment
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one's first amendment rights are limited when 1) clear and present danger 2) fighting words/hate speech 3) defamation
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defamation, slander, libel
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defamation - verbal or written, false or unjustified injury to someone's reputation
slander - verbal defamation libel - written defamation |
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obscenity
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limited by the first amendment, for example porn
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indecency
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allowed by the first amendment but restricted on TV when kids could be watching
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Miller v. California
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established the criteria for what defines obscenity: **
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prurience/prurient
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part of the definition for obscenity, dictionary.com says: having, inclined to have, or characterized by lascivious or lustful thoughts, desires, etc.
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indecency fines/complaint process
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fine can be up to $325,000 for indecency as of 2006; complaint process made easy by Parents TV Council
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Parents' Television Council
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the reason the FCC has been getting more active, this organization is a bunch of lazy whiny parents that can't control what their kids watch, their website makes it easy to complain to the FCC
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Super Bowl 2004
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many upset about Janet Jackson's wardrobe malfunction, called it "media's race to the bottom," CBS-Viacom only fined $550,000; but then in the end, US court of appeals said FCC acted arbitrarily, so CBS-Viacom didn't pay ANYTHING
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Federal Communications Commission
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controls TV programming for indecency and obscenity; recently has become much more active
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Communications Act of 1934
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*
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1996 Telecommunications Act
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newspapers owned by large corporations with heavy TV interests gave more favorable coverage to provisions of the act that would benefit TV owners, whereas newspapers owned by corporations without TV interests gave more negative coverage
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2003 FCC proposed rule changes: 25% -> 35% -> 45% -> 39%
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thought less competition would be good for diversity and localism, more money means more options; so FCC changed restrictions on percentage of national audience one corporation can own from 25% to 35% to 45% then to 39$
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localism
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FCC actually found that local TV stations show more local news that conglomerates do, and more in-depth local news; this report was 'forgotten' when FCC was increasing audience percentage to enlarge media corporations
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viewpoint diversity
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having different programs on TV other than those that appeal to white middle class
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bias
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dictionary.com says: a particular tendency or inclination, esp. one that prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question; prejudice.
media says they are not biased, no way to prove bias or that supposed bias accomplishes anything |
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bias claims based on inference
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indirect, can be based on how the public perceives the media or journalist's background, attitude, and/or characteristics
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bias claims based on observation
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direct, based on actual instances of bias occuring
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Food Lion v. ABC news
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investigative report on Food Lion's unsanitary food policies; ABC aired it, but Food Lion sued ABC for misleading them; first the fine was the $1,400 it cost to train them, then the fine was 5.5 million dollars, then it was changed to $2 in 1999 - investigative reporting is OK!
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watchdog role of media
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media can be the watchdog not just for the government; "news is what someone somewhere wants to suppress. Everything else is just advertising." -Lord Northcliffe
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muckraking models
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1) simple muckraking: journalistic investigation -> publication -> public opinion -> policy initiatives -> policy consequences; it's hard to arouse the public to take action
2) leaping impact muckraking: when some elements of the simple sequence are missing; ex: when reports of people burning down their house to get insurance $ were aired, arson went down dramatically, no need to involve the gov't, criminals already stopped; this is common when the media and public officials collaborate 3) truncated muckraking: when the sequence stops and no action is taken |
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objectivity
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*
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content analysis
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*
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anticipatory self-censorship
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infotainment
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the idea that the news selects stories the way entertainment news selects stories; criteria: 1) newness/strong impact on audience 2) violence/conflict, scandal, disaster 3) familiarity 4) proximity (ex: lack of foreign affairs) 5) timeliness 6) visual appeal, pictures are important
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interdependence of media and political actors
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media perform four major functions for the government: 1) inform the gov't of current events 2) keep them attuned to the public's major concerns 3) enable them to convey messages to general public as well as other political elites 4) allow them to remain in view of the public
Also, see symbiotic/parasitic |
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mutual manipulation
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*
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symbiotic/parasitic relationship
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term for relationship between media and government; sometimes they work together (symbiotic) and sometimes one gains at the expense of the other (parasitic)
the media needs: newsworthy stories, scoops, exclusives, large audiences the government needs: favorable publicity, support for their policies, political support |
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multiplying red ties
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shows that even in Congress, their appearance changed when it was aired on tv; an example of gov't appeals to viewers via media
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logic of leaks
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sometimes leaks get out that are bad for the subject; sometimes leaks get out that the subject wants to be released, but doesn't want to be responsible for leaking
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feeding frenzy/pack journalism
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the pressure on the media to have all the stories their competitors have, and first, produces pack journalism and lowers journalistic standards
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scandal coverage
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caused by 1) new technology 2) new economies
characterized by 1) lack of sourcing 2) going after stories that are 'out there' 3) rush to judgment 4) blurring the lines between reporters and celebrities |
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New News
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as Kalb says, characterized by 1) lack of sourcing 2) rush to judgment 3) going after anything that's 'out there' 4) blurring the lines between reporters and celebrities
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Watergate
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archetypal example of muckraking and scandal; the "prize" for the investigation was Nixon's resignation
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Monicagate
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nickname for the Monica Lewinsky scandal ('gate' comes from Watergate)
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Rathergate
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When Dan Rather used false evidence to say that George Bush had received preferential treatment in getting into the National Guard - media scandal
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nature of war coverage (trade-offs)
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I think this is about 1) role of new technologies 2) media's role as citizens or journalists 3) implications of multiple audiences 4) what to show - flag-draped coffins? dead or injured soldiers? civilians?
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embedded journalists
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Tight Control Model: gov't and military spoon-feed information to the media
Embedded: media have constant access, BUT reporters are dependent on the military for their lives so this creates pro-American bias AND they get 'soda straw' coverage - small scale snapshots that fail to convey the larger picture |