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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the six types of roots?
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tap root, fibrous, adventitious, aerial, storage, pneumatophores
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What are the pigments terrestrial plants share with green algae?
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chlorophyll b and a; carotenoids
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What food reserve do terrestrial plants share with green algae?
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starch
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What cell wall material do terrestrial plants share with green algae?
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cellulose
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What cell division type do terrestrial plants share with green algae?
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cell plate (phragmoplast)
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What body structure do terrestrial plants share with green algae?
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multicellular
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What life cycle do terrestrial plants share with green algae?
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heteromorphic alternation of generations
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What sexual reproduction do terrestrial plants share with green algae?
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oogamy
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What spores do terrestrial plants share with green algae?
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sporopollenin
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Describe the basic process of alternation of generations.
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sporophyte (2n)-->has sporangia that produces spore mother cells (2n)-->meoisis-->spores (n)-->gametaphyte-->mitosis-->
fertilization-->zygote (2n) |
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What does the bryophytes consist of?
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mosses, hornworts, liverworts
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What were the first plants?
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bryophytes
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How many species of bryophytes live today?
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23,000
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What kind of roots do bryophytes have?
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rhizoids (not true)
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How are bryophyte gametophytes differentiated?
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stem-like and leaf-life structures
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Do bryophytes have true stems and leaves?
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no
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What is the primary phase of the bryophyte life cycle?
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gametophyte
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Where are the stomata on a bryophyte?
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sporangia
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Are bryophytes dependent on water?
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yes
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How does the uptake of water occur in bryophytes?
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absorption and diffusion
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Describe bryophyte sperm.
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flagellated
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What habitat are bryophytes typically found?
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moist
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What are the three bryophyte phyla?
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hepatophyta
anthocerophyta bryophyta |
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What are the two types of liverworts?
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thallus and leafy
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Are bryophytes monophyletic?
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no
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What plants are the most reasonable models of what early plants were like?
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liverworts and hornworts
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Which bryophyte is the most related to vascular plants?
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mosses
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Describe the internal differentiation of the thallus liverwort?
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photosynthetic cells, air chambers and storage tissues
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Describe the thallus liverwort sporophyte and capsule.
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compact, with no seta (stalk) or a short one; single-layered wall
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Describe the hornwort sporophyte.
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shaped like tapered horn; has an intercalary meristem, so can grow indeterminately
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Describe the thallus of the hornwort.
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has stoma-like structures
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In a hornwort, how many chloroplasts are in each photosynthetic cell?
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one
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What anchors the hornwort sporophyte to the top of the gametophyte?
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foot
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What are the 3 classes of bryophyta and common names?
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Sphagnidae (peat mosses)
Andreaeidae (Granite Mosses) Bryidae (True Mosses) |
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What is the largest class of the bryophyta?
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bryidae; true mosses
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What is the calyptra?
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old archegonium of moss (papery hood over capsule)
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What is the operculum?
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capsule cap
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Describe the life cycle of a moss.
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sporangium in the mature sporophyte--> meoisis--> spores released--> germinates to become protonema--> gametophytes produce sperm and egg--> fertilization--> zygote
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What are the two seedless vascular plant phyla?
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Phylum Lycopodiophyta
Phylum Pteridophyta |
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What are the lycopodiophyta?
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club mosses, Selaginella (spike mosses), quillworts
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What are the pteridophyta?
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whisk ferns, horsetails, ferns
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What are the two seed plants?
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angiosperms and gymnosperms
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Which generation is dominant in vascular plants?
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sporophytes
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What bryophyte characteristics did vascular plants retain?
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Tissue-producing meristems, Gametangia, Embryos and the sporophytes that develop from them, Stomata, Cuticles, Sporopollenin - walled spores
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What are the gymnosperm phyla?
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Phylum Cycadophyta
Phylum Ginkgophyta Phylum Coniferophyta Phylum Gnetophyta |
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What is the angiosperm phylum?
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anthophyta
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What are the 4 major trends in plant evolution?
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1. oogamy
2. alternation of hetermorphic generations 3. large sporophyte, small gametophyte 4. homospory--> heterospory |
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Which vascular plants are homoporous?
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whisk ferns, horsetails, Lycopodiaceae and most ferns
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Which vascular plants are heterosporous?
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Selaginella, Isoetes, some ferns and all seed plants
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What type of gametaphyte does homospory produce? What type of development does it exhibit?
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bisexual gametaphytes that are functionally unisexual; exosporic
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What type of gametaphyte does heterospory produce? What type of development does it exhibit?
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unisexual gametaphytes; endosporic
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What did microphylls evolve from?
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outgrowths/enations
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What did megaphylls evolve from?
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fusion of branched systems
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Which vascular plants have the simplest and most ancient stele?
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lycophytes; protostele
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Describe the stele of seedless vascular plants?
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Central pith surrounded by vascular tissue; Evolved from protostele
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Describe the stele of seeded vascular plants?
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System of strands around a pith; Evolved from protostele
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Describe the three forms of sporangia of early vascular plants
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terminal, lateral, terminal paired masses
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Did early vascular plants have leaves? roots?
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no; no
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What was the first phylum of the early vascular plants?
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polysporangiophyta
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Which two phyla evolved from polysporangiophytes?
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protracheophytes; tracheophytes
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Which two phyla evolved from tracheophytes?
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rhyniophyta; eutracheophytes
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Which two phyla evolved from eutracheophytes?
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lycophyta and euphyllophyta
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Name the protracheophytes.
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Aglaophyton
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Name the early lycophyta
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Zosterophyllophytes; zosterophylls
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Name the early euphyllophyta.
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Trimerophytes; Psilophyton
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Which three early vascular phyla thrived during the Devonian period?
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Trimerophytes, Rhyniophytes, and Zosterophytes
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Which lycophytes are represented today?
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smaller
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What was the environment of the giant lycophytes?
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warm, moist swamps
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Which extinct lycopodiophyte was dominant in the Paleozoic era?
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Lepidodendrales
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How were the Lepidodendrales huge?
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hasd lateral and apical meristems
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Describe the modern tropical lycophyte.
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grow on trees as epiphytes, using the trees as substrates
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Describe the lycophyte sporophyte.
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upright stems with many microphylls and horizontal stems along the ground surface, with roots extending from the horizontal stems (rhizomes)
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What are the specialized leaves of lycophytes that bear sporangia?
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sporophylls
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Describe the sporophylls shape in lycophytes.
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club-shaped cones
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What are the two categories of ferns?
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Eusporangiate
Leptosporangiate |
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Describe the stems of horsetails?
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jointed; strengthened by silica; strobili on tips
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What gives horsetails their rough texture?
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siliceous deposits in the epidermal cells
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Describe the branches of horsetails? leaves?
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whorled; small, scale-like
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How do roots develop in horsetails?
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from horizontal rhizomes
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What do strobili consist of?
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clusters of small umbrella-like sporangiophores.
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Which pteridophyte is a living fossil?
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whisk ferns (psilophytes)
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Describe the branches of whisk ferns?
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dichotomous; Scale-like ‘foliar’ structures (enations); terminal sporangia in groups of 3
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Describe the rhizome of whisk ferns.
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Underground rhizome with rhizoids
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When did ferns first show up?
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devonian
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What is the inner wall called in eusporangium development?
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tapetum
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What are the structure of the spores in eusporangium development?
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tetrads
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Name the two Eusporangiate Ferns.
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Ophioglossum (adder's tongue) and Botrychium (grape ferns)
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In leptosporangium fern development, how many spores are produced?
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The number of spores produced is a multiple of 2
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How many cells do leptosporangium ferns develop from?
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1
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What is a special feature of leptosporangium ferns?
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sori
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What is the wall of the sporangium called in leptosporangium ferns?
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annulus
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What are the leptosporangium ferns?
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filicales
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Where do sporangia develop in leptosporangium ferns?
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on the abaxial (dorsal, lower side) or on the margin of the leaf.
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Name the three types of sori.
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true indusium, false indusium, absent indusium
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What are the three types of heterosporous ferns?
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Marsileales- Salvinia, Azolla, Marsilea
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Describe the Salvinia and Azolla?
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small, floating heterosporous ferns
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Describe Azolla leaves?
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contain Anabaena azollae, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
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Describe Marsilea?
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the sporophyte grows in mud or submerged with leaves floating on the water surface.
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Describe the sporocarps of Marsilea?
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bean-shaped drought resistant
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Name the steps of seed evolution.
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1. homospory
2. heterospory 3. reduction to one megaspore and endospory 4. sporangium surrounded by integument |
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Name the four advantages of the seed
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1. Embryo, food supply, and protective seed coat
2. Seed dispersal 3. Seeds may remain dormant for years 4. Pollen eliminates the need for water in fertilization` |
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What kind of leaves to lycophytes have?
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microphylls
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What chemicals are in the opium poppy?
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40 alkaloids including morphine and codeine
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Where is codeine demethylated back into morphine?
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liver
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What are the three medical used of the opium poppy?
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relief of mild to moderate pain
relief of non-productive cough - Inhibits the receptor in the brain's cough center relief of diarrhea |
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How much of the morphine in opium poppy is converted to codeine via methylation?
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90%
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Who first isolated morphine? What did he name it after?
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Serturner; greek god of dreams
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When was morphine used?
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civil war
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What was Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup?
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morphine containing syrup to calm children
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What is the most dangerous side effect of morphine?
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respiratory depression
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What structure was tinkered with to create heroin?
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morphine
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Who first came out with heroin?
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Bayer
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What causes ergotism?
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Fungus parasite - Claviceps purpurea infecting grasses and grains (rye bread)
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What were the symptoms of ergotism called?
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holy fire
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Saint Anthony was called upon to help with which disease?
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ergotism
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Who proposed the cause of ergotism?
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Dr. Thuillier
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What are the 2 types of ergotism?
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Gangrenous symptoms (Saint Anthony’s Fire)
Convulsive symptoms (Saint Vitus’ Dance) |
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What are the 3 military effects of ergotism?
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stopped caesars campaigns in Europe,
made Franks vulnerable to Vikings, wiped out Peter the Great's attempts to take over Constantinople |
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What was convulsive ergotism associated with?
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witchcraft
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What was the cause of the very slow recovery of Europe’s population after the “Black Death”?
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ergotism
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Who first synthesized LSD?
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Albert Hofmann
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What was LSD synthesized from?
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ergotamine
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Which clinical psychologist is associated with LSD?
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Timothy Leary
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What naturally contains LSD? who were they used by?
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seeds of several varieties of morning glory (Ipomoea violacea) and ololiuqui (Turbina corymbosa); aztecs
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What is the third most widely used psychoactive drug in the world?
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tobacco
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Who brought tobacco back to Europe?
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Christopher Columbus
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Who brought tobacco from France to Portugal?
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Jean Nicot (nicotine)
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Who warned of tobacco's deleterious effects when worried about the depletion of England's silver?
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King James I
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Where did America's first smoking ban occur?
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Massachusetts
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Who banned smoking in Russia?
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Czar Alexis
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Which countries discouraged tobacco use?
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England, America, Russia, China
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Who made the first commercial cigarettes and where?
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Duke, in Raleigh, NC
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Who invented a cigarette making machine?
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James Bonsack
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When did the use of cigarettes explode?
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during World War I and at highest during World War II
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What act, passed in 1970, banned public advertising of cigarettes on tv and radio?
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the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act
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When did smokeless tobacco ads get banned?
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1986
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What is cannibis a source of?
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fiber, seed oil, and food
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What is the common name of cannibis?
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marijuana
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What is the active chemical in marijuana?
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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) -- technically an alcohol
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What are some products made of cannibis?
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paper, fabric, hemp oil, paints and resins,
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Which drug is associated with the Assasins cult?
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cannibis
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Who declared war on marijuana in 1930 in the Federal Bureau of Narcotics?
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Anslinger
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What movie was made to scare people of marijuana?
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Reefer Madness
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Who signed the Marijuana Tax Law?
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FDR
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Who was the first marijuana conviction?
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Samuel R. Caldwell and Moses Baca
Don Crowe later |
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Who and urged Congress to abolish mandatory minimum sentencing for drug offenses and pass The Controlled Substances Act?
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Dr. Stanley Yolles
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What was first U.S. medical marijuana law?
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Proposition 215
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Which chemical is responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin mushrooms?
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psilocin
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Who was a major advocate of mushrooms?
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Timothy Leary
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Which two mushroom experiments did Leary perform?
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The Good Friday Experiment, Concord Prison Experiment
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Which is more likely to experience panic: LSD or mushrooms?
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LSD
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What are the active chemicals in fly agaric mushrooms?
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muscimol and ibotenic acid
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What is the common name for Amanita muscaria?
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fly agaric mushroom
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Where have statures of Amanita muscaria been found?
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Mexico
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Who was suggested to have consumed Amanita muscaria before battle?
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Vikings
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Name the six caffeine-containing genera.
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caffea (coffee), Camellia (tea), Theobroma (chocolate), Cola (cola), Ilex (mate/youpon), and Paullinia (guarana/yoco)
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What type of root does a tomato stem have?
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adventitious root primordium
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