Plants: Structure, Growth, Development, Transport- Incomplete

Front 1

what are the functions of roots?

Back 1

anchorage, absorption, storage

Front 2

describe the root system in eudicots and monocots

Back 2

eudicots: a taproot system gives rise to many lateral roots
monocots: many small roots grow from the stem

Front 3

what are adventitious roots?

Back 3

they grow from an unusual location, such as the fibrous roots of monocots

Front 4

what are root hairs?

Back 4

extensions of epidermeal cells that are clustered near root tips

Front 5

what are nodes and internodes?

Back 5

nodes the points at which leaves are attached; internodes are the segments between the nodes

Front 6

where is an axillary bud found?

Back 6

in the angle (axil) between a leaf and the stem

Front 7

what is a terminal bud? where is it found?

Back 7

it consists of developing leaves and compacted nodes and internodes, and found at the tip or apex of a shoot

Front 8

what is the name for the phenomena in which the terminal bud growth is preferred over axillary bud growth, allowing the plant to extend vertically rather than laterally?

Back 8

apical dominance

Front 9

what are stolons, rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs?

Back 9

modifications of shoots that function in asexual reproduction and food storage

Front 10

what are the main photosynthetic organs of most plants?

Back 10

leaves

Front 11

what are the 2 parts of a leaf?

Back 11

blade and petiole

Front 12

True or False: many monocots lack petioles

Back 12

True

Front 13

how do veins differ in monocots and eudicots?

Back 13

monocots- parallel major veins
eudicots- networks of branched veins

Front 14

what are the 3 tissue systems of plants?

Back 14

Dermal, Vascular, Ground

Front 15

what is a tissue system?

Back 15

functional units of tissues that are continuous throughout the plant, but have specific characterisitcs in each plant organ

Front 16

what is the function of the dermal tissue system?

Back 16

it forms a protective outer layer

Front 17

what is the edidermis?

Back 17

a single layer of cells that covers nonwoody plants

Front 18

what is the periderm?

Back 18

it covers and protects older stems and roots of woody plants

Front 19

what is the cuticle?

Back 19

a waxy coating that prevents excess water loss

Front 20

what does the vascular system consist of?

Back 20

xylem and phloem

Front 21

what is the stele?

Back 21

in angiosperms, a vascular tissue of a root or a stem

Front 22

how is the stele arranged in roots? in shoots?

Back 22

as a solid central vascular cylinder in roots
as vascular bundles in shoots

Front 23

what do ground system cells do?

Back 23

function in photosynthesis, support, and storage

Front 24

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is called ____ and ground tissue external to the vascular tissue is called _____

Back 24

pith; cortex

Front 25

what is the protoplast?

Back 25

cellular contents excluding the cell wall

Front 26

what do parenchyma cells do?

Back 26

carry out most of the plant's metabolic functions such as photosynethesis and food stroage

Front 27

parenchyma and collenchyma cells usually lack _____ walls, but but sclerenchyma cells have _____ walls strengthened with lignin

Back 27

secondary; secondary

Front 28

True or False: Parenchyma cells retain the ability to divide and differentiate into other types of plant cells

Back 28

True

Front 29

True or False: Collenchyma cells have softened primary walls

Back 29

False

Front 30

What is the function of collenchyma cells?

Back 30

strands or cylinders of these cells function in flexible support for young parts of the plant and elongate along with the plant

Front 31

True or False: sclerenchyma cells are specialized supporting cells that lose their protoplasts at functional maturity

Back 31

True

Front 32

what are fibers?

Back 32

long, tapered sclerenchyma cells that occur in threads

Front 33

what are sclereids?

Back 33

sclerenchyma cells that are shorter and irregular in shape, with very thick, lignified walls

Front 34

what are tracheids?

Back 34

long, thin, tapered cells with lignin strengthened walls that are foundin all vascular plants

Front 35

True of False: Vessel elements are found only in angiosperms

Back 35

True

Front 36

vessel elements align to form long tubes known as....

Back 36

vessels

Front 37

sieve tube members lack what?

Back 37

nuclei, ribosomes, and vacuoles

Front 38

are sieve tube members alive or dead at functional maturity?

Back 38

alive

Front 39

what are sieve plates?

Back 39

end walls between sieve tube members which contain pores to allow fluid to flow

Front 40

which types of plant cells are dead at functional maturity?

Back 40

sclerenchyma (fibers and sclerids), tracheids, and vessel elements

Front 41

which types of plant cells lack nuclei at functional maturity?

Back 41

sclerenchyma (fibers and sclerids), tracheids, vessel elements, and sieve tube members

Front 42

True or False: most plants exhibit indeterminate growth, continuing to grow as long as they live

Back 42

True

Front 43

True or False: plant organs such as leaves and flowers have determinate growth and stop growing after they reach a certain size

Back 43

True

Front 44

differentiate between annuals, biennials, and perennials

Back 44

annuals complete their life cycle in a year or less; bienneials in 2 years or less; perennials in many years

Front 45

what are meristems?

Back 45

embryonic tissues that perpetually divide to form new cells

Front 46

what is the difference between apical meristems and lateral meristems?

Back 46

apical meristems are involved in primary growth and lateral meristems are involved in secondary growth

Front 47

True or False: the vascular cambium and cork cambium are involved in primary growth

Back 47

False; secondary growth

Front 48

what does the vascular cambium produce in secondary growth?

Back 48

xylem and phloem

Front 49

what does the cork cambium produce in secondary growth?

Back 49

periderm

Front 50

what's the difference between initials and derivatives?

Back 50

initials are cells that remain to divide in a meristem; derivatives are cells that are displaced from the meristem and become specialized in developing tissues

Front 51

what types of growth occur in woody plants?

Back 51

primary growth continues to add to the tips of roots and shoots while secondary growth thickens and strenghtens older regions of a woody plants

Front 52

what is the function of the root cap?

Back 52

it secretes a polysaccharide slime to lubricate the growth route of the root

Front 53

what do the apical meristem and its derivatives constitute?

Back 53

the zone of cell division

Front 54

what happens in the zone of elongation?

Back 54

cell lengthen many times their original size which pushes the root tip through the soil

Front 55

True or False: the zone of elongation grades into the zone of maturion rather than having sharp boundaries

Back 55

True

Front 56

what are the primary tissues of a root?

Back 56

epidermis, ground tissue, vascular tissue

Front 57

how are the xylem and phloem arranged differently in roots?

Back 57

xylem cells radiate from the center in spokes, with phloem in between

Front 58

what is the endodermis?

Back 58

the innermost one cell thick layer which regulates the passage of materials into the vascular cylinder

Front 59

what is the pericycle?

Back 59

the outer layer of cells in the vascular cylinder from which lateral roots develop