Plants From Chapter 29

Front 1

Adaptations to life on land that distinguish plants from green algae

Back 1

1. cuticle
1a. stoma
1b. guard cells
2. protective pigments
3. thick spore/pollen walls
4. gametangia
5. embryos

Front 2

Cuticle

Back 2

Thick external layer that prevents water loss

Front 3

Stomata (plural of stoma)

Back 3

Openings in the cuticle to allow gas exchange and reduce water loss

Front 4

Guard Cells

Back 4

Sausage shaped cells that form the stomata

Front 5

Protective Pigments

Back 5

Protect against effects of UV radiation

Front 6

Thick Spore/Pollen Walls

Back 6

Prevent desiccation and decay of sperm

Front 7

Gametangia

Back 7

Cases that contain plant gametes

Front 8

Archegonia

Back 8

Female gametangia

Front 9

Antheridia

Back 9

Male gametangia

Front 10

Embryos

Back 10

Young plant contained in specialized, protective structure

Front 11

Nontracheophytes

Back 11

Plants without vascular tissue.
Lack a vascular system (except in some mosses where it is very simplistic).
Have a rudimentary system of cells that conduct water and nutrients.

Front 12

Non-seed Tracheophytes

Back 12

Plants without seeds, with vascular tissue

Front 13

Seed plants (Gymnosperms and angiosperms)

Back 13

Plants with seeds

Front 14

Tracheophytes

Back 14

Have a developed vascular system:
1) Xylem: carries water and minerals from roots to leaves (monodirectional)
2) Phloem: carries plant products (sugars, hormones, vitamins, etc) throughout the plant (bi-directional)

Front 15

Liverworts (ph. Hepaticophyta)

Back 15

A phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
A non-tracheophyte.
1) No specialized growing zone: growth from across the plant.
2) Lack stomata in their cuticle.

Front 16

Hornworts (ph. Anthocerophyta)

Back 16

A phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
Non-tracheophytes.
1) Growing zone at the basal end.

Front 17

Mosses (ph. Bryophyta)

Back 17

A phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
Non-tracheophytes.
1) Growing zone at the apical ends (move your fingertips!)
2) Transport mechanisms for water and sugars first emerged in mosses.

Front 18

Tracheids

Back 18

Cells specializing in carrying water and nutrients.

Front 19

Tracheophyte adaptations which evolved over time

Back 19

1. Roots
2. True leaves
3. Heterospory
3a. Megaspores
3b. Microspores

Front 20

Heterospory

Back 20

The production of gametes with distinctly different sizes.
Megaspore: female gametes
Microspore: male gametes

Front 21

Club mosses (ph. Lycophyta)

Back 21

A phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
Non-seed tracheophytes.
1. Apical cell division (fingertips and toes)
2. Simple leaves
3. Leaves arranged in a spiral.
Dominant generation is gametophyte.

Front 22

Horsetails (ph. Pterophyta)
Genus Equisetium

Back 22

A genus and phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
Non-seed tracheophytes.
1. Basal cell division
2. Simple leaves and true roots.
3. Leaves arranged in a whorl, or circle, around stem.
4. Also called scouring rush because of the silica deposits (like diatoms)
5. Store gold
Dominant generation is gametophyte.

Front 23

Whisk ferns (ph. Pterophyta)

Back 23

A phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
Non-seed tracheophytes.
1. No true leaves and no true roots.
2. Probably living relic to last vascular plants without roots or leaves.
Dominant generation is gametophyte.

Front 24

Ferns (ph. Pterophyta)

Back 24

A phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
Non-seed tracheophytes.
1. True roots and complex leaves.
2. Probably earliest plants with a complete vascular and anatomical structure to modern plants
3. Still no seeds - produce spores
4. Reproduction still tied to water.
Dominant generation is sporophyte.

Front 25

Chlorophyll found in all plants

Back 25

Chlorophyll a & b

Front 26

Alternation of Generations

Back 26

One stage of a plant's life is haploid, the other diploid.
In all seed plants, the diploid stage is most obvious.
Haploid generations are fed by diploid stage.
This process exists in all levels of plant evolution, but dominant generation varies.

Front 27

Sporophyte

Back 27

Produces spores.
Is the diploid generation.
Entire plant in plants where this is the dominant generation.

Front 28

Gametophyte

Back 28

Produces gametes.
Haploid generation.
The reproductive organs in cones and flowers are of this generation.

Front 29

Gymnosperms

Back 29

"Naked Seeds"
No fruit surrounds the seeds.

Front 30

Evolutionary innovations of Gymnosperms

Back 30

1. Well developed system of water conducting vessels using tracheids, but no nutrional support cells for the tracheids.
2. Reproductive system is independent of water for transporting pollen, spores, and/or sperm.

Front 31

Cycad trees (ph. Cycadophyta)

Back 31

A phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
1) Resemble palm trees but reproduce with cone-like structures.
2) Dominant tree during Jurassic period and food for some dinosaurs.
Gymnosperms.

Front 32

Ginkgo trees (ph. Ginkgophyta)

Back 32

A phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
1) Single species remains: G. biloba
2) Male & female trees (dioecious) (females stink)
Gymnosperms.

Front 33

Gnetophyta

Back 33

A phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
1) Primitive plants
2) Small, low growing, desert plant.
Gymnosperms.

Front 34

Coniferophyta

Back 34

A phylum of the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
1) Most common extant species of gymnosperms
2) Pine trees and red woods are examples

Front 35

Cones

Back 35

Reproductive structures for conifers.
Contain reproductive structures and protect seeds from desiccation or damage.
Reproductive structures develop separately inside.
Some have become adapted to surviving forest fires by only opening after 500 degrees fahrenheit.

Front 36

Microsporangia

Back 36

Male reproductive organs contained in small cones.

Front 37

Megasporangia

Back 37

Female reproductive organs contained in large cones.

Front 38

Angiosperms

Back 38

"Flowering Seeds"
1. Have flowers
2. Gametophyte generation (flowers) is relatively small and quite dependent on the sporophyte generation)
3. Produce fruit from the flowers
4. Seeds are enclosed in the carpel (pistil)
5. Xylem and phloem have companion cells to feed & support tracheids

Front 39

Cotyledons

Back 39

"Seed leaf", the leaves of an embryonic plant used to store and collect food

Front 40

Monocots

Back 40

Plants with one cotyledon
1) Veins in leaves are parallel to one another
2) Parts of the flower are in multiples of 3

Front 41

Eudicots (dicots)

Back 41

Plants with two cotyledons.
1) Veins are in a net pattern in leaves
2) Parts of the flower are multiples of 4 or 5.

Front 42

Petals

Back 42

Modified leaves of a flower

Front 43

Corrola

Back 43

All of the petals of a flower

Front 44

Sepal

Back 44

Green, modified leaves that contains the corrola

Front 45

Calyx

Back 45

All of the sepals of a flower combined

Front 46

Pistil (or carpel)

Back 46

Modified leaf containing female reproductive structure.
Made of:
1) Stigma (opening)
2) Style (shaft)
3) Ovary (contains one or more ovule)
4) Ovule (contains egg cells)

Front 47

Stamen

Back 47

Male reproductive structure of a flower.
Made of:
1) Anther (microsporangia)
2) Filament - shaft, holds anther

Front 48

Receptacle

Back 48

Tip of the stem that supports the flower

Front 49

Swollen ovule formed fruit

Back 49

Plums, peaches, grapes, oranges, etc
SQUISH
Grow in tropical climates

Front 50

Swollen receptacle formed fruit

Back 50

Apples, pears, etc
CRUNCH
Grow in moderate climates.

Front 51

Complete flowers

Back 51

Flowers that have stamens, carpels, petals, and sepals.
Are always perfect and monoecious.

Front 52

Incomplete flowers

Back 52

Flowers that are missing one or more of the following: carpels, stamens, petals, or sepals.
May be perfect or imperfect.

Front 53

Perfect flowers

Back 53

Flowers that contain both stamens and carpels.
Could be either complete or incomplete.

Front 54

Imperfect flowers

Back 54

Flowers that contain only one sex.
Are always incomplete.

Front 55

Monoecious plants

Back 55

"One house"
Both sexes are on the same plant

Front 56

Dioecious plants

Back 56

"Two houses"
Male or female plants (each plant has only one gender)