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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the elements in plants? |
Plants are made out of about 18 elements 9 Macronutrients: needed in large amounts 9 Micronutrients: needed in smaller amounts |
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What are the 6 major elements in plants?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrogen
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What are the organic molecules in plants Composed of:
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Carbon
Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids |
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What are proteins composed of?
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Composed of amino acids
Amino acid chain is folded to form a protein |
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What are enzymes?
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Enzymes are proteins
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What are simple and complex carbohydrates?
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Simple carbohydrates: Sugars
Complex carbohydrates: Polysaccharides |
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What are polysaccharides?
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cellulose and starch
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What are lipids?
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Triglycerides (Fats & Oils)
Waxes Cholesterol |
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What are fats and oils?
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Triglycerides
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What are nucleic Acids? |
ADP/ATP are nucleotides DNA & RNA are long chains of nucleic acids |
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What are the monomers (building blocks) from which proteins are constructed?
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Amino Acid |
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Where does the carbon in plants come from?
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air |
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promotes stem growth⇢
promotes leaf growth⇢ enhances flowering⇢ enhances fruit production⇢ Phosphorus or nitrogen? |
Phosphorus, phosphorus, nitrogen, nitrogen |
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Whats the difference between plants and animal cells?
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Both cells share a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. However, plant cells have cholorplasts, vacuole, and cell walls
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Whats an Organelle?
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Membrane-bound structures in the cytoplasm
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Whats a chloroplast?
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They contain chlorophyll and they absorb light through photosynthesis
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What are mitochondria?
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They are used for aerobic respiration. They generate ATP.
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What are vacuoles?
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Store water and metabolic waste.
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What are vacuoles and Turgor?
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Helps maintain the shape of the cell
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4 main groups within the plant Kingdom
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Nonvascular = mosses, seedless vascular = fern, gymnospermns = evergreen, angiosperms = peaches/fruit trees |
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What are the plant tissue types? |
Meristems = Mitosis
Dermal tissue = Outer covering Vascular tissue = Conduction of water and nutrients Ground tissue |
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What is dermal tissue? |
Epidermal cells secrete Cuticle
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What is xylem? |
Xylem = Conducts water & minerals up from the roots, Wood is a solid mass of xylem, Vessels are larger with open ends, Tracheids closed ends pores in the sides
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What is phloem? |
Transports sugars made by photosynthesis
Living cells contain cytoplasm |
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What is ground tissue? |
Parenchyma fills in around vascular tissue (fiber cells) provide support
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What do tissues combine to create? |
Tissues combine to form organs:StemsRootsLeaves
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Which type of vascular tissue conducts food (sugar) molecules?
Xylem Phloem Both |
phloem |
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What is leaf anatomy? |
Epidermis
Mesophyll Vascular bundles (veins) |
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Whats an epidermis? |
Stomata are usually on the lower epidermis
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Whats a mesophyll? |
Two layers: upper/palisade & lower/spongy
Spongy mesophyll: space for gas exchange Pallisade mesophyll: chloroplasts/photosynthesis |
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What is photosynthesis? |
solar energy + 6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Photosynthesis steps: |
Light dependent reaction: requires light
Light independent reaction (the Calvin cycle): can occur in light or in the dark |
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Photosynthesis Step 1: |
Step One:
Light Dependent Reaction: Captures light energyProduces Oxygen |
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Photosynthesis Step 2:
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Energy from the light reaction is used to create an organic (sugar) molecule
Light independent reaction (the Calvin cycle) |
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_____ & _______ are the molecules that transfer the energy during photosynthesis
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ATP & NADPH are the molecules that transfer the energy
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What are the reactants and products in photosynthesis? |
The reactants of photosynthesis are water, light and carbon dioxide, while the products are oxygen and sugars.
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In which part of photosynthesis is oxygen produced?
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light dependant |
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What is sepals? |
The first (bottom) ring of appendages
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What is petals? |
The second ring of appendages
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A group of sepals is called a _____
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calyx |
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A group of petals is a _______
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corolla |
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Male Flower Parts are called _______. Collectively, all the stamens are the ________. Pollen (sperm cells) are produced in the ________. |
Male Flower Parts are called Stamens. Collectively, all the stamens are the Androecium. Pollen (sperm cells) are produced in the anther
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Whats the female flower part? |
carpels |
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_______: sticky surface receives pollen
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Stigma |
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_____-: hollow tube from stigma to ovary
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style |
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_____-: contains ovules (egg cells)
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Ovary |
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A complete flower has all four different types of appendages: ______, ________, ________, ________.
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Sepals
Petals Stamens Carpels |
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Whats an incomplete flower? |
Lack one or more floral “series”
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Whats a Perfect or Bisexual Flower?
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Have both the male and female parts
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Whats an imperfect flower? |
Are either male or female flowers
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Whats a monoecious plant? |
Monoecious = PlantsMale & female flowers on the same plant
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Whats a dioecious plant? |
Male & female flowers are on different plants
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The ovary ripens to become a _______.
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Fruit |
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The _____ ripens to become a seed.
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Ovule |
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Fruits or seeds can be the .......?
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“unit of dispersal”
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The _____ ______ (pericarp) may develop into a fleshy outer layer
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The ovary wall (pericarp) may develop into a fleshy outer layer
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Whats the Nutrient Source in a Monocot?
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endosperm
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Whats the Nutrient Source in a Dicot?
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cotyledons
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Whats geotropism? |
Roots display positive geotropism
Stems display negative geotropism |
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Whats phototropism? |
A growth response toward the light.
Auxin migrates to the shady side of the stem |
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Daisy characteristics?
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Daisy (Asteraceae)
A characteristic inflorescence called a head |
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Grass characteristics? |
Grass (Poaceae)
Highly reduced flowers produce a single seeded fruit called a grain |
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Legume characteristics? |
Legume (Fabaceae)
Typical bilaterally symmetrical corolla |
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Mustard Characteristics?
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Mustard (Brassicaceae)
Flowers have four petals in cross & 6 stamens |
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Mint characteristics? |
Mint (Lamiaceae)
Square stem & opposite leaves |
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Parsley characteristics? |
Parsley (Apiaceae)
Formerly the umbelliferae, named for the inflorescence (umbel) |
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Potato/Tomato characteristics?
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Potato/Tomato (Solanaceae)
Many economically important species: Eggplant, Potato, Tomato, Capsicum peppers & Tobacco |
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Taxonomic Categories: hierarchical system
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Pollen is produced in which structure?
Anther Ovule Stigma |
anther |
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Which of the following structures will ripen to become a fruit?
Ovary Ovule Stamen Stigma |
Ovary |
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Are dioecious plants ever self fertile?
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no |
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What are the effects of auxin at the tip of a stem?
a) increases the rate of cell division b) increases cell elongation c) both of the above |
Both |
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When a seed germinates, shoots grow up and roots grow down due to....?
a) phototropism b) geotropism c) thigmotropism |
geotropism |
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Square stem and opposite leaves⇢
Four long stamens & two short⇢ Inflorescence is an umbel⇢ Contains the alkaloid solanine⇢ Inflorescence is a head (capitulum)⇢ A) Aster/Daisy B) Mint C) Mustard D) Potato/Tomato E) Carrot/Parsley |
A) mint
B) mustard C) carrot / parsley D) potato / tomato E) aster / daisy |
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Complete ProteinA complete protein contains all _____ essential ______ ________. A _____ protein is very rarely a complete protein
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A complete protein contains all 9 essential amino acids.
Plant protein is very rarely a complete protein |
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A combination of _______ and ______ makes a complete protein
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A combination of legumes and grains makes a complete protein
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_______ is a protein found in wheat
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Gluten is a protein found in wheat
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Whats a botanical?
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Fiber cells
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Whats a commercial fiber?
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Plant, Animal, or Synthetic material used to make textiles
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Whats a dietary fiber?
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An indigestible plant
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Commercial Plant Fibers include _______ cells and associated _______ tissue.
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Include fiber cells and associated vascular tissue
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What is a surface fiber?
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Fibers on surface of leaves, seeds, and fruits
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Whats a stem fiber?
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Also called soft or bast fibers from dicot stems
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What is a leaf fiber?
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Also called hard fibers
From vascular bundles in monocot leaves |
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Wood is composed of __ cells.
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xylem |
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cotton⇢
linen⇢ manila⇢ Match: stem fiber, surface fiber, leaf fiber |
You answered: surface fiber, stem fiber, leaf fiber
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Whats an herbal remedy?
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Dietary supplements, not drugsDo not require clinical trials or FDA approvalRequired to be safe…not necessarily effective
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Whats the botanical definition for wood? |
Xylem of gymnosperms & some (woody) dicots
The bundles merge to form a solid mass of xylem after a few years Outer, inner, cambium, sapwood, heartwood |
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What is used to treat congestive heart failure?
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Digitalis
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The _____ of _____ _____ was used by Native Americans to reduce fever and pain
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The bark of willow trees was used by Native Americans to reduce fever and pain
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In 1839 salicylic acid was formulated… later Acetylated to produce ________
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In 1839 salicylic acid was formulated… later Acetylated to produce aspirin |
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How does aspirin work? |
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis Prostaglandins promote inflammation Aspirin also inhibits blood platelet function Platelets help blood to clot |
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What is Madagascar Periwinkle used for?
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Contains the alkaloid vincristine Used to treat childhood leukemia & Hodgkin's lymphoma
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What does Pacific Yew bark contain?
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A small gymnosperm tree of the Pacific Northwest The bark contains Taxol, a Terpene
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What is taxol used for?
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Used to treat ovarian and breast cancer…now synthesized in labs
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What is aloe used for?
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AKA the burn plant contains a thick sap that promotes cell division and inhibits bacterial growth
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What is St. John’s Wort used for?
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Hypericum perforatumA common weed that is used to treat depression
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What is gingko used for?
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Ginkgo biloba
Broadleaf, deciduous gymnosperm used to treat dementia |
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Whats Echinacea used for?
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Echinacea purpurea Purple coneflower… used as a cold remedy |
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What are the effects of stimulants?
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Enhance mental alertnessReduce fatigueSuppress hungere.g. Cocaine
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What are the effects of depressants?
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Reduce mental alertness
Induce lethargy & sleep Narcotics are a type of highly addictive depressant e.g. Opiates like Heroin & Morphine |
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What do hallucinogens do?
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Alter perceptions, mood, and thoughtse.g. “Marijuana”, Peyote, & LSD
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Where does Cocaine come from?
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Coca leaves, which can be harvested 2-3 times a year. Coca was used by native Andean cultures (Inca) dating back 3,500 years. Can be chewed or used to make tea. |
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How is opium made?
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The fruit capsule is scoredThe sap (raw opium) is collected after it dries
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How Is codeine used?
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All opiates are respiratory suppressants, so they can be used to treat a cough
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How is morphine used?
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Broken down in the gut, so it must be injected
A potent prescription analgesic Given to hospitalized patients |
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Primary consumer = > Secondary consumer => Primary Producer => A) Plant B) Herbivorous insect C) Insect eating bird |
Plant = primary producer, Herbivorous insect = primary consumer, Insect eating bird = secondary consumer |
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What type(s) of organism(s) recycle organic matter?
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Fungi, Bacteria |
