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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Simple fruit
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formed from the wall of one ovary
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Aggregate fruit
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formed from the aggregation of several ovaries all in the same flower
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Multiple fruit
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formed from the coalescence of ovaries from several flowers
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Accessory fruit
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fruit wall incorporates non ovarian tissues
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Capsule
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a dry fruit that opens (dehisces) to release seeds. Capsules are classified according to how they open
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Achene
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a dry, one seeded fruit that does not open (indehiscent)
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Nut
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dry, one seeded fruit that does not open. fruit wall is thick and hard
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Berry
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fleshy fruit with a wall of more orless uniform texture beneath the skin
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Drupe
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a fleshy, one seeded fruit with a stony inner wall
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Caryopsis
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dry, oneseeded fruit that does not open. seed coat is fused with the wall of the fruit. Poaceae only. “true grain”
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Legume
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capsule that opens (dehisces) along two sides. Fabaceae only
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Pepo
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like a berry, but the outer fruit wall is leathery, forming a rind. Cucurbitaceae only.
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Hesperidum
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like a berry, but the seeds are embedded among fleshy juice-sacs. Citrus (Rutaceae) and close relatives only.
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Pome
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accessory fruit in which the fleshy tissue of a flower-cup (hypanthium) makes up most of the fruit wall. Some species of Rosaceae only.
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Synconium
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accessory fruit composed of fleshy stem tissue surrounding achenes produced by many flowers. Ficus (Moraceae) only.
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Pistil
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“female” part of a flower in which eggs are produced. usually ovary, style, stigma
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Ovary
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basal, often swollen part of a flower that contains the ovules
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Carpel
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a single unit of an ovary believed to have resulted from the folding of a leaflike structure to enclose the ovules borne on its surface. Single ovary can have one or several carpels.
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Simple pistil
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composed of 1 carpel (seam that shows folded edge of leaves)
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Apocarpous flower
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several simple, separate pistils. “separate fruits”
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Compound pistil
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composed of 2+ unified carpels (syncarpy)
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Syncarpous flower
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united carpels with compound pistil
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Superior ovary (hypogynous flower)
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ovary is borne above the insertion of the sepals and petals
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Axile placentation
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Ovary is sectioned by radial spokes with placentas in separate locules. Compound carpel. i.e. tomato
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Parietal placentation
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placentas on outer wall in non-sectioned ovary. seeds radiate inward (passionfruit, cucumber). Compound carpel.
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Hypanthium
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bases of sepals, petals, and stamens fused together. “flower-cup”
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Perigynous flower
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“half-inferior” ovary surrounded by the receptacle
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Involucre
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one or more whorls of bracts that occur at the base of a flower or inflorescence
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Bract
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modified, specialized leaf
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Drupe
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fleshy exocarp and mesocarp, hardened endocarp with a seed inside
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Inferior ovary (epigynous flower)
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positioned below the attachment of the other floral parts
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Grafting
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fusion of a scion with a rootstock of another individual by aligning the cambial layers of the two components
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Scion
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aboveground stem or bud of a woody plant
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Rootstock
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root and basal stem onto which a scion is fused during grafting
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Stone cells
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square to round cell with a highly lignified cell wall found in some fruits (pears, quinces) of Rosaceae
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John Chapman
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Johnny Appleseed, born 1775 in Leominster, MA
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Hexose sugars
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carbohydrate made of 6 carbons, i.e. glucose
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Stereoisomer
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chemical groups attached to the same carbon atoms but in different spatial orientations
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Structural isomer
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chemical groups attached to different carbon atoms
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Aldose sugar
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has an aldehyde (H-C=O) at one end of its carbon chain. i.e. glucose
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Ketose sugar
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has a ketone group (C=O not at the end of the carbon chain). i.e. fructose
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Monosaccharide
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simplest form of carbohydrate. glucose, fructose, etc.
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Disaccharide
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complex sugars composed of two monosaccharides (i.e. maltose)
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Alpha linkage
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found in starches like amylose. exposed OH groups on same side of polymer
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Beta linkage
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found in cellulose. no enzyme can break these linkages in animal digestive systems. exposed OH groups on alternating sides—form crosslinks
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Pectin
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special group of plant polysaccharides that form gels under particular conditions. jams and jellies
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Amylose
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starch, glucose polymer. linear form
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Amylopectin
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branched form of starch in plants
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Cellulose
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polymer consisting of glucose units connected by beta linkages
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Culm
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hollow stem of a grass plant
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Tiller
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a sucker or branch arising from the bottom of a stem
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Lodging
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tendency for tall thin plants such as many cereal crops to fall and mat, leading to rotting of the stems
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Floret
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small flower. one of the flowers in a spikelet of the grass family. lemma-palea-flower unit
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Bran
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the pericarp and fused seed coat of a grass fruit (grain)
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Germ
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the female reproductive cell. in grasses, referring to the embryo
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Palea
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the first of two bracts beneath a grass flower
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Lemma
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second of two bracts below a grass flower
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Awn
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an elongate, needle-like projection, such as that extending from the top of the glumes in a grass spikelet
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Spikelet
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a small or secondary spike. the basic unit of a grass inflorescence usually consisting of 3 florets each. group of florets subtended by glumes
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Glume
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bract at the base of a grass spikelet. scale-like
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Shattering
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character of wild grains that leads to the breaking apart of the inflorescence as a means of fruit dispersal
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Hulled grain
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fruits remain permanently enclosed in the floret or entire spikelet, difficult to remove
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Free–threshing
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bases of the palea, lemma, and glumes break easily, allowing easy removal of the fruits. early selection.
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Apical meristem
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growing tip of completely undifferentiated tissue
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Primary xylem
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xylem produced by terminal meristem
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Primary phloem
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phloem produced by terminal meristem
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Cortex
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ground tissue of plants between the vascular tissues and the epidemis
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Pith
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central ring of parenchyma surrounded by xylem
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Parenchyma
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primary tissue of land plants. thin-walled, forms leaves, roots, fruit pulp, stem pith
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Sclerenchyma
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stiff-walled, supportive plant tissue made of cell aggregates. forms parts of stems, leaf veins, seed coats
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Vascular cambium
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a lateral secondary meristem capable of dividing to produce additional xylem toward the inside of the stem and additional phloem toward the outside
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Secondary xylem
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“wood”—shorter cells, walls become very hard, lignified
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Secondary phloem
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forms bark
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Growth ring
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rings of xylem serving as visible changes in growth based on the amount of cambium production during different months
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Early (spring) wood
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inner portion of a growth ring when growth is rapid. less dense
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Late (summer) wood
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more dense, outer portion of a growth ring
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Wood ray
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horizontal conduction system from xylem
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Uniseriate rays
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one cell wide
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Multiseriate rays
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several cells wide, visible to naked eye
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Xylem vessel cell
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short water-conducting cells connected by their end walls through perforation plates
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Perforation plate or vessel cell pore
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openings that connect individual vessels
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Porous wood
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feature of dicots. large vessels are dispersed with a given part of the year’s growth
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Sap wood
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region of xylem that actively conducts water
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Heart wood
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older, no longer functional xylem cells
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Diffuse-porous wood
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evenly sized vessels, ring demarcations not clear
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Ring-porous wood
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more defined rings, large vessels add on to dense tissue of the year before
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Tylosis
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occurs in xylem in woody plants, response to injury or protection from decaying heartwood
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Xylem tracheid
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cells that define gymnosperm xylem. long, cylindrical cells that conduct water through side openings
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Primary cell wall
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thin, flexible layer formed while growth is occurring
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Secondary cell wall
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thick layer formed inside the primary cell wall after growth is finished. lignified in wood
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Tracheid pit and pit-pair
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openings along tracheid walls through which water moves from cell to cell (pit-pairs)
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Nonporous wood
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conifers. no vessels
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Softwood
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all wood produced by gymnosperms
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Hardwood
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from angiosperms
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Cork (phellem)
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secondary tissue produced to the outside of the cork cambium
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Cork cambium (phellogen)
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lateral layer of meristem cells in the stems and roots of gymnosperms and many dicots that produces cork to the outside and phelloderm to the inside
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Suberin
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complex waxy material that repels water. main constituent of cork
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Fruit
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mature ovary. the basal, seed-containing part of a pistil. Characteristic of all angiosperms, not produced by gymnosperms
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|
Simple fruit
|
formed from the wall of one ovary
|
|
|
Aggregate fruit
|
formed from the aggregation of several ovaries all in the same flower
|
|
|
Multiple fruit
|
formed from the coalescence of ovaries from several flowers
|
|
|
Accessory fruit
|
fruit wall incorporates non ovarian tissues
|
|
|
Capsule
|
a dry fruit that opens (dehisces) to release seeds. Capsules are classified according to how they open
|
|
|
Achene
|
a dry, one seeded fruit that does not open (indehiscent)
|
|
|
Nut
|
dry, one seeded fruit that does not open. fruit wall is thick and hard
|
|
|
Berry
|
fleshy fruit with a wall of more orless uniform texture beneath the skin
|
|
|
Drupe
|
a fleshy, one seeded fruit with a stony inner wall
|
|
|
Caryopsis
|
dry, oneseeded fruit that does not open. seed coat is fused with the wall of the fruit. Poaceae only. “true grain”
|
|
|
Legume
|
capsule that opens (dehisces) along two sides. Fabaceae only
|
|
|
Pepo
|
like a berry, but the outer fruit wall is leathery, forming a rind. Cucurbitaceae only.
|
|
|
Hesperidum
|
like a berry, but the seeds are embedded among fleshy juice-sacs. Citrus (Rutaceae) and close relatives only.
|
|
|
Pome
|
accessory fruit in which the fleshy tissue of a flower-cup (hypanthium) makes up most of the fruit wall. Some species of Rosaceae only.
|
|
|
Synconium
|
accessory fruit composed of fleshy stem tissue surrounding achenes produced by many flowers. Ficus (Moraceae) only.
|
|
|
Pistil
|
“female” part of a flower in which eggs are produced. usually ovary, style, stigma
|
|
|
Ovary
|
basal, often swollen part of a flower that contains the ovules
|
|
|
Carpel
|
a single unit of an ovary believed to have resulted from the folding of a leaflike structure to enclose the ovules borne on its surface. Single ovary can have one or several carpels.
|
|
|
Simple pistil
|
composed of 1 carpel (seam that shows folded edge of leaves)
|
|
|
Apocarpous flower
|
several simple, separate pistils. “separate fruits”
|
|
|
Compound pistil
|
composed of 2+ unified carpels (syncarpy)
|
|
|
Syncarpous flower
|
united carpels with compound pistil
|
|
|
Superior ovary (hypogynous flower)
|
ovary is borne above the insertion of the sepals and petals
|
|
|
Axile placentation
|
Ovary is sectioned by radial spokes with placentas in separate locules. Compound carpel. i.e. tomato
|
|
|
Parietal placentation
|
placentas on outer wall in non-sectioned ovary. seeds radiate inward (passionfruit, cucumber). Compound carpel.
|
|
|
Hypanthium
|
bases of sepals, petals, and stamens fused together. “flower-cup”
|
|
|
Perigynous flower
|
“half-inferior” ovary surrounded by the receptacle
|
|
|
Involucre
|
one or more whorls of bracts that occur at the base of a flower or inflorescence
|
|
|
Bract
|
modified, specialized leaf
|
|
|
Drupe
|
fleshy exocarp and mesocarp, hardened endocarp with a seed inside
|
|
|
Inferior ovary (epigynous flower)
|
positioned below the attachment of the other floral parts
|
|
|
Grafting
|
fusion of a scion with a rootstock of another individual by aligning the cambial layers of the two components
|
|
|
Scion
|
aboveground stem or bud of a woody plant
|
|
|
Rootstock
|
root and basal stem onto which a scion is fused during grafting
|
|
|
Stone cells
|
square to round cell with a highly lignified cell wall found in some fruits (pears, quinces) of Rosaceae
|
|
|
John Chapman
|
Johnny Appleseed, born 1775 in Leominster, MA
|
|
|
Hexose sugars
|
carbohydrate made of 6 carbons, i.e. glucose
|
|
|
Stereoisomer
|
chemical groups attached to the same carbon atoms but in different spatial orientations
|
|
|
Structural isomer
|
chemical groups attached to different carbon atoms
|
|
|
Aldose sugar
|
has an aldehyde (H-C=O) at one end of its carbon chain. i.e. glucose
|
|
|
Ketose sugar
|
has a ketone group (C=O not at the end of the carbon chain). i.e. fructose
|
|
|
Monosaccharide
|
simplest form of carbohydrate. glucose, fructose, etc.
|
|
|
Disaccharide
|
complex sugars composed of two monosaccharides (i.e. maltose)
|
|
|
Alpha linkage
|
found in starches like amylose. exposed OH groups on same side of polymer
|
|
|
Beta linkage
|
found in cellulose. no enzyme can break these linkages in animal digestive systems. exposed OH groups on alternating sides—form crosslinks
|
|
|
Pectin
|
special group of plant polysaccharides that form gels under particular conditions. jams and jellies
|
|
|
Amylose
|
starch, glucose polymer. linear form
|
|
|
Amylopectin
|
branched form of starch in plants
|
|
|
Cellulose
|
polymer consisting of glucose units connected by beta linkages
|
|
|
Culm
|
hollow stem of a grass plant
|
|
|
Tiller
|
a sucker or branch arising from the bottom of a stem
|
|
|
Lodging
|
tendency for tall thin plants such as many cereal crops to fall and mat, leading to rotting of the stems
|
|
|
Floret
|
small flower. one of the flowers in a spikelet of the grass family. lemma-palea-flower unit
|
|
|
Bran
|
the pericarp and fused seed coat of a grass fruit (grain)
|
|
|
Germ
|
the female reproductive cell. in grasses, referring to the embryo
|
|
|
Palea
|
the first of two bracts beneath a grass flower
|
|
|
Lemma
|
second of two bracts below a grass flower
|
|
|
Awn
|
an elongate, needle-like projection, such as that extending from the top of the glumes in a grass spikelet
|
|
|
Spikelet
|
a small or secondary spike. the basic unit of a grass inflorescence usually consisting of 3 florets each. group of florets subtended by glumes
|
|
|
Glume
|
bract at the base of a grass spikelet. scale-like
|
|
|
Shattering
|
character of wild grains that leads to the breaking apart of the inflorescence as a means of fruit dispersal
|
|
|
Hulled grain
|
fruits remain permanently enclosed in the floret or entire spikelet, difficult to remove
|
|
|
Free–threshing
|
bases of the palea, lemma, and glumes break easily, allowing easy removal of the fruits. early selection.
|
|
|
Apical meristem
|
growing tip of completely undifferentiated tissue
|
|
|
Primary xylem
|
xylem produced by terminal meristem
|
|
|
Primary phloem
|
phloem produced by terminal meristem
|
|
|
Cortex
|
ground tissue of plants between the vascular tissues and the epidemis
|
|
|
Pith
|
central ring of parenchyma surrounded by xylem
|
|
|
Parenchyma
|
primary tissue of land plants. thin-walled, forms leaves, roots, fruit pulp, stem pith
|
|
|
Sclerenchyma
|
stiff-walled, supportive plant tissue made of cell aggregates. forms parts of stems, leaf veins, seed coats
|
|
|
Vascular cambium
|
a lateral secondary meristem capable of dividing to produce additional xylem toward the inside of the stem and additional phloem toward the outside
|
|
|
Secondary xylem
|
“wood”—shorter cells, walls become very hard, lignified
|
|
|
Secondary phloem
|
forms bark
|
|
|
Growth ring
|
rings of xylem serving as visible changes in growth based on the amount of cambium production during different months
|
|
|
Early (spring) wood
|
inner portion of a growth ring when growth is rapid. less dense
|
|
|
Late (summer) wood
|
more dense, outer portion of a growth ring
|
|
|
Wood ray
|
horizontal conduction system from xylem
|
|
|
Uniseriate rays
|
one cell wide
|
|
|
Multiseriate rays
|
several cells wide, visible to naked eye
|
|
|
Xylem vessel cell
|
short water-conducting cells connected by their end walls through perforation plates
|
|
|
Perforation plate or vessel cell pore
|
openings that connect individual vessels
|
|
|
Porous wood
|
feature of dicots. large vessels are dispersed with a given part of the year’s growth
|
|
|
Sap wood
|
region of xylem that actively conducts water
|
|
|
Heart wood
|
older, no longer functional xylem cells
|
|
|
Diffuse-porous wood
|
evenly sized vessels, ring demarcations not clear
|
|
|
Ring-porous wood
|
more defined rings, large vessels add on to dense tissue of the year before
|
|
|
Tylosis
|
occurs in xylem in woody plants, response to injury or protection from decaying heartwood
|
|
|
Xylem tracheid
|
cells that define gymnosperm xylem. long, cylindrical cells that conduct water through side openings
|
|
|
Primary cell wall
|
thin, flexible layer formed while growth is occurring
|
|
|
Secondary cell wall
|
thick layer formed inside the primary cell wall after growth is finished. lignified in wood
|
|
|
Tracheid pit and pit-pair
|
openings along tracheid walls through which water moves from cell to cell (pit-pairs)
|
|
|
Nonporous wood
|
conifers. no vessels
|
|
|
Softwood
|
all wood produced by gymnosperms
|
|
|
Hardwood
|
from angiosperms
|
|
|
Cork (phellem)
|
secondary tissue produced to the outside of the cork cambium
|
|
|
Cork cambium (phellogen)
|
lateral layer of meristem cells in the stems and roots of gymnosperms and many dicots that produces cork to the outside and phelloderm to the inside
|
|
|
Suberin
|
complex waxy material that repels water. main constituent of cork
|
