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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Essentials characteristics for survival
Plants |
water thru roots and soil
energy thru photosynth reproduction thru pollination nutrients thru soil carbon skeletons thru CO2, H2O, air, and soil waste removal through vacuoles sessile indeterminant growth (constant throughout lifecycle) |
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Essentials characteristics for survival
Animals |
drink water through mouth
heterotrophic reproduction through egg and sperm acquire nutrients through food acquire carbon skeletons thru food waste removal thru excretion locomotive determinant growth (stops) |
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Root system
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below ground
anchor the plant absorb and conduct water and minerals store food |
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Shoot system
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above ground
stems, leaves, and flowers (where present) see slide to identify nodes, internodes, petioles, axillary buds, axils |
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Tissue systems
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Dermal -
epidermis (cuticle) and periderm covers outer surface of the plant Vascular - transports food, water, hormones and minerals within the plant. Vascular tissue includes xylem, phloem ground tissue - mesophyll. comprises the bulk of the primary plant body. |
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Meristem
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primary growth -
apical merstem is on the tip of the plant. elongates shoots (via the terminal node) and roots (near root cap at tip) secondary growth- lateral merstem grows out. |
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Turgor pressure
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the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall, in plant cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole, resulting from osmotic pressure. i.e. the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane due to a differential in the concentration of solute. Turgid plant cells contain more water than flaccid cells and exert a greater osmotic pressure on its cell walls. When a cell is in a hypotonic environment, water flows across the cell membrane into the cell, causing it to expand due to osmotic pressure. In plant cells, water enters the cell until the inside and outside water potential is equal, however, the cell wall prevents the cell from bursting, resulting in pressure on the cell wall from within.
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Vacuoles
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in general, vacuole functions include also...
Removing unwanted structural debris Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell Containing waste products Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell Maintaining an acidic internal pH |
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Lignification
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the process of making cell walls harder and more rigid by adding lignin.
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Fundamental dilemma for terrestrial plants
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gradient for partial pressure of water from the outside to the inside of the leaf is fairly high. difference is 12 mmHg. = water loss and drying out. CO2 flows in due to negative gradient between outside and inside of the leaf, but it's not very high. stomata used to compensate to allow ideal gas exchange.
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Photosynthesis equation
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6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
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Photosynthesis
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Converts light energy to chemical energy
Chloroplasts are pigment organelles that are responsible for absorbing light to promote photosynthesis. Thylakoids are stacks of layered membranes (surface area) located within the chloroplast that carry out the reaction. Process consists of the light reaction and the calvin cycle. |
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Light reaction
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converts sunlight and H20 to ATP, NADPH, and O2 (released to atmosphere)
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Dark reaction (Calvin Cycle)
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converts ATP, NADPH, and CO2 to glucose
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Totipotency
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the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism. plant cells have this quality
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Auxin (hormone)
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Promoter. Stem and root growth. influences phototropism and gravitropism.
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Cytokinin (hormone)
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Promoter. Root growth. stimulates germination.
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Gibberellin (hormone)
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Promoter. Stem growth. germination.
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Abscisic acid (hormone)
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Inhibitor. no plant growth. closes stomata
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Ethylene (hormone)
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Promotes fruit ripening. works against auxin!!
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Brassinosteroids (hormone)
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Inhibitor. no root growth.
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Phototropism
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directional plant growth in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction of the light source. auxins are responsible for expelling H+ ions (creating proton pumps) which decreases pH in the cells on the dark side of the plant. This acidification of the cell wall region activates enzymes known as expansins which break bonds in the cell wall structure, making the cell walls less rigid. the shoot's apical meristem is resonsible for bending the plant.
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Gravitropism
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a turning or growth movement by a plant in response to gravity. roots grow in the direction of gravitational pull (i.e., downward) and stems grow in the opposite direction (i.e., upwards).
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Photoperiodic control of flowering
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short day plants -
In order to flower, short day angiosperms need a critical night length. If they daytime is too long to allow the necessary duration of night, the plant will not flower. if the night is sufficiently long, but there's a flash of light at some point during the night, the plant will not flower. Long day plants - in order to flower, long day angiosperms need a threshold amount of daylight. if that quantity is not met, it will not flower. if the threshold is not met, but there's a flash of light during the night, the plant can still flower. |
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Ecosystem
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An ecological community exchanging energy and materials with its environment. i) Exchange of energy and materials. Study the rates of exchange of energy and materials through the ecosystem.
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Community
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The organisms (plants and animals) in an ecosystem. Comprised of populations of different species.
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Population
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organisms of the same species in a particular ecosystem.
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INGESTION EFFICIENCY
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amount of usable energy taken from ingested food divided by total energy in the food. The lost energy escapes as feces
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ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY
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(1) The amount of energy assimilated through ingestion divided by the total amount of food available to the specified trophic level
(a) Carnivores have ↑ assimilation efficiency because relatively low amount of available food (herbavors) (b) Herbivores have ↓ assimilation efficiency because relatively high amount of available food (plant life) |
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PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY
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(1) equal to the production divided by the assimilation for animals, or the NPP divided by the GPP for plants. The "production" here refers to growth plus reproduction. These ratios measure the efficiency with which an organism converts assimilated energy into primary or secondary production.
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Gross primary production (GPP)
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all energy taken in and stored as energy
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net primary production (NPP)
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(1) defined
(a) = GPP – energy of respiration (b) measured as growth of plant per area in one year (g/m2/yr) (2) what influences NPP?? (a) Amount of available sunlight (b) Water availability (c) Nutrients in soil (i) Nutrients mostly through decomposition (d) Temperature (e) Evapotranspiration (i) Needs ↑ water and ↑ temp to yield a ↑ value (3) Patterns (a) Most NPP on land near equator (tropical rainforests, for the most part) (b) Most NPP in water near the shores |
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Hubbard Brook experiment
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removes all plantlife from a watershed to test the effects on nutrient recycling. they found an incredibly higher concentration in the watershed water in the area cleared of plantlife.
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Competition
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- / - interaction. more than one population that requires the same limited resources. competitive exclusion is eventual result.
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Predation
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+ / - interaction. one organism eats other.
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Herbivory
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+ / - interaction. animal eats plants. type of predation.
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parasitism
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+ / - interaction. physically smaller of the two (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed
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disease
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+ / - interaction.
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mutualism
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+ / + interaction. both parties benefit.
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Commensalism
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+ / 0 interaction. one benifits, the other doesn't care
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Darwin's Finch Experiment
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No two species can occupy the same ecological niche. Darwin found two very similar finch species. when isolated on different island, their beaks were very similar. when living together on the same island for a sufficiently long amount of evolutionary time, they developed different beaks through ADAPTIVE RADIATION to change their respective niches. allowed to coexist due to changed niches.
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Species richness / diversity
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Describes the composition of a community. Diversity. Species evenness vs. dominance. A more diverse habitat (in terms of foliage etc) leads to more diverse animal species supported. species diversity peaks at a moderate amount of natural disturbance. species richness can vary based on who's preying upon whom in relative dominant and non dominant species.
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Fundamental vs Realized niche
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F- the niche that the species can potentially live in
R- the niche that the species assumes due to outside influences. |
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Terrestrial Biomes
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Tropical forrest, savannah, desert, polar and high mountain ice, chaparral, temperate grassland, temperate deciduous forest, coniferous forrest, tundra
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population size determinants
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birth / death rates
immigration / emmigration rates |
