Plants And Animals

Front 1

Interorganismal chemical communication.

Back 1

Chemical communication occurring outside the body. Pheromones(individuals of same species) and allelochemical (diff species).

Short range -alarm, recognition, courtship

Long range- Territory markers, sex attractants.

Front 2

Intercellular chemical communication

Back 2

Chemical communication that occurs better cells.

Short range- neurotransmitters

Long range- hormones

Front 3

Intracellular chemical communication

Back 3

Chemical communication within a cell. Intracellular messangers relay information from cell surface receptors to activate appropriate cellular responses.

Front 4

Intercellular signalling- cells that release messanger chemicals that can affect:

Back 4

Juxtacrine- Adjacent cells by direct contact.

Autocrine-Themselves

Paracrine - Nearby cells

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine- distant cells.

Pheromonal- other organisms

Front 5

What is a ligand

Back 5

A molecule that binds to another (usually larger) receptor molecule. Ligand classes : neurotransmitters, cytokinesis, growth factors, death factors, hormones.

Front 6

Cytokines

Back 6

Peptide, proteins or glycoproteins, they are intercellular signalling- molecules that may operate by Juxtacrine, Autocrine, paracrine or endocrine signalling. Can be produced by almost any cell type.

Front 7

Growth factors.

Back 7

A class of cytokines that specifically stimulate growth, proliferation or cellular differentiation.

Front 8

Death factors

Back 8

A class of cytokines that specifically stimulate programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Front 9

Hormones

Back 9

Chemically varibale amines, steroids, peptides that act by endocrine signalling but are produces from specific glands (eg insulin).

Front 10

Hydrophilic chemicals signalling method.

Back 10

Water soluble and cannot pass directly through lipid cell membranes (they must exert their effect via cell surfaces receptors to activate intracellular 2nd messanger chemicals).

Front 11

Hydrophobic chemical signalling method

Back 11

Hydrophobic chemicals are lipid soluble and therefore diffuse through lipid cell mebranes to bind directly to intracellular receptors.

Front 12

Fast synaptic transmitters

Back 12

Eg. Acetlycholine

Fast transmitters alter membrane permeabilities to ions -iontrooic effect.

Front 13

Slow synaptic transmitters

Back 13

Eg. Noradrenaline, dopamine

Slow transmitters stimulate the production of intracellular Messengers that affect the metabolism of the cell- metabotropic effects.

Front 14

Hormonal effects depend on

Back 14

Age, sex, season

Front 15

Hormonal effects can be :

Back 15

Organisational -occur early in life (usually permanent).Activational- occur in adults (effect only persists while the hormone is present).