Plants

Front 1

These plants have tissue organized in such a way as to conduct food and water throughout their structure.

Back 1

Vascular / Tracheophytes

Front 2

These plants lack special tissue for conducting water or food. They produce no seeds or flowers and are generally only a few centimeters in height.

Back 2

Non Vascluar / byrophytes

Front 3

Plants that produce flowers as reproductive organs

Back 3

Angiosperms

Front 4

Plants that produce seeds without flowers

Back 4

Gymnosperms

Front 5

Plants that survive only through a single growing season

Back 5

annuals

Front 6

Plants that have a life span of 2 growing season:

Back 6

biennial

Front 7

Plants that continue to grow year after year:

Back 7

perennial

Front 8

The ______ system of angiosperms includes the stem, leaves, flowers, and fruit.

Back 8

shoot

Front 9

The signature structure of an angiosperm is the _______.

Back 9

flower

Front 10

Before a flower blooms, it is enclosed within the _______.

Back 10

sepals

Front 11

Small, green, leaf-like structures which pull back to reveal flower petals:

Back 11

sepals

Front 12

The main function of this plant part is to attract insects and birds, which may be neccessary to the process of pollination.

Back 12

flowers

Front 13

The short branch of the stem, which supports the flower, is known as the:

Back 13

pedicel

Front 14

The _______ is the female structure of a flower that includes the stigma, style, ovary, and ovules.

Back 14

pistil

Front 15

The sticky surface at the top of a pistil which traps pollen grains:

Back 15

stigma

Front 16

The _____ is a slender, vase-like structure that encloses the ovary of a plant.

Back 16

style

Front 17

The hollow, bulb-shaped structure in the lower interior of the pistil, which will ripen and become fruit:

Back 17

ovary

Front 18

The small round cases located in the ovary that contain one or more egg cells are known as ______ .

Back 18

ovules

Front 19

If the egg is fertilized, the _____ will become a seed.

Back 19

ovule

Front 20

The male structure of a flower is the ________.

Back 20

stamen

Front 21

The _____ sits atop the long, hollow filament.

Back 21

anther

Front 22

This has four lobes and contains cells that become pollen.

Back 22

anther

Front 23

______ ______ from a compatible species are conveyed by wind, birds, or insects, and stick to the stigma.

Back 23

Pollen grains

Front 24

The ______ produces chemicals which stimulate the pollen to burrow into the style, forming a hollow pollen tube.

Back 24

stigma

Front 25

A pollen tube is produced by the tube _____, which as developed from a portion of the pollen grain.

Back 25

nucleus

Front 26

When the _____ ______ reach the ovule, one will join with an egg cell, fertilizing it to become a _______.

Back 26

sperm nuclei; zygote

Front 27

The ______ will feed the growing embryo.

Back 27

endosperm

Front 28

The shoot apex is composed of _______ tissue.

Back 28

meristem

Front 29

This type of tissue consists of undifferentiated cells capable of quick growth and specialization.

Back 29

meristem

Front 30

The terminal bud is:

Back 30

the beginning of a new set of leaves.

Front 31

The spot where the previous year's terminal bud was is then called a _______ ____ ____.

Back 31

terminal bud scar.

Front 32

______ is a matured ovary, which contains the seeds (mature fertilized ovules).

Back 32

Fruit

Front 33

Fruit provides the means to both _______ and ______ seeds.

Back 33

protect and disperse

Front 34

Simple Fruits:

Back 34

are developed from a single ripened ovary

Front 35

Apple, corn, olive, acorn and cucumber are _____ fruits.

Back 35

simple

Front 36

Fruits that are developed from many seperate ovaries are known as:

Back 36

compound fruits

Front 37

A _______ fruit is a fruit in which many ovaries of a single flower fuse together.

Back 37

aggregate

Front 38

A _____ fruit is a fruit which forms from the fusing of several ovaries or seperate flowers during ripening.

Back 38

multiple

Front 39

When a seed is exposed to proper ______ , ______ , and _______ it germinates.

Back 39

moisture, temperature, and oxygen.

Front 40

Stored food in a seed is found in the ___________.

Back 40

cotyledon

Front 41

Plants with two cotyledons in each seed are known as:

Back 41

dicotyledons (dicots)

Front 42

Plants with one cotyledon in a seed are known as:

Back 42

monocotyledons (monocots)

Front 43

Oaks, flowers, and vegetables are: dicots/monocots?

Back 43

dicots

Front 44

Grasses, lillies, palm trees are: dicots/monocots?

Back 44

monocots

Front 45

leaves that have branched or networked veins are: dicots/monocots?

Back 45

dicots

Front 46

The two varieties of vascular tissue are:

Back 46

xylem and phloem

Front 47

_____ tissue is composed of long tubular cells which transport water up from the ground to the branches and the leaves of a plant.

Back 47

Xylem

Front 48

____ tissue is made of stacked cells connected by sieve plates; and transports food made in the leaves (by photosynthesis) to the rest of the plant.

Back 48

Phloem

Front 49

The _____ is the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants.

Back 49

leaf

Front 50

The small stem like extension from a leaf to a branch, which houses vascular tissue:

Back 50

petiole

Front 51

This covers most of the leaf's surfaces and maintains the leaf's moisture balance:

Back 51

cuticle

Front 52

The ______ is one cell thick and secretes the waxy cuticle and protects the inner tissue of a leaf.

Back 52

epidermis

Front 53

The _____ layer contains vertically alligned cells with numerous chloroplasts, which maximizes the potential for exposure of the chloroplasts to needed sunlight.

Back 53

palisade

Front 54

Most photosynthesis occurs in the ______ layer of the mesophyll.

Back 54

palisade

Front 55

The ______ ________ transport the sugars produced by photosynthesis to the rest of the plant.

Back 55

vascular bundles (of xylem and phloem)

Front 56

The _______ _______ make up the veins in a leaf

Back 56

vascular bundles

Front 57

This layer of a leaf is a lyer of parenchyma cells seperated by large air spaces, which allow for the exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) for photosynthesis.

Back 57

spongy layer

Front 58

On the underside of leaves, there are openings ringed by ______ _____.

Back 58

guard cells

Front 59

The openings on the underside of leaves are called:

Back 59

stomata (or stomates).

Front 60

What is the function of the stomata?

Back 60

to allow moisture and gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) to pass in and out of the leaf, thus facilitating photosynthesis.

Front 61

_______ roots extend downward; while _______ roots develop secondarily and extend horizontally, parallel with the ground surface.

Back 61

primary; lateral

Front 62

Why are roots structured to provide a large surface area?

Back 62

absorbtion

Front 63

The network of the root system provides what for the plant?

Back 63

anchoring

Front 64

What are the four major structural regions of roots?

Back 64

root cap; meristematic region, elongation region, maturation region

Front 65

What is the function of the root cap?

Back 65

The root cap protects the tip of the root as it pushes through soil.

Front 66

The ________ region of the root is just above the root cap, and constists of differentiated cells which carry on mitosis, producing cells that grow to form the ____________ region.

Back 66

meristematic; elongation

Front 67

In the ________ region of the root structural region, cells differentiate, large vacuoles are formed, and cells grow.

Back 67

elongation

Front 68

As cells differentiate into various root tissues, they become part of the ________ region of the root structural system.

Back 68

maturation

Front 69

The ______ _______ are extensions of the cells in the maturation region, which reach between soil particles and retrieve water and minerals.

Back 69

root hairs

Front 70

The _______ is one cell layer thick and serves to protect the internal root tissue and absorb nutrients and water.

Back 70

epidermis

Front 71

The ______, located inside the epidermis, is a ring made of large parenchyma cells.

Back 71

cortex

Front 72

Inside the cortex is a ring of ________, a single layer of cells, which are tightly connected so no substances can pass between cells, allowing the __________ to act as a filter; all substances entering the vascular tissues from the root must pass through these cells.

Back 72

endodermis

Front 73

In the center of the root is the _______ __________, including xylem and phloem tissue.

Back 73

vascular cylinder

Front 74

Most water is absorbed through a plant's _____ system.

Back 74

root

Front 75

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is known as:

Back 75

cohesion.

Front 76

The process by which hydrogen bonding between water molecules causes tension that pulls water through the water column up through the stem and on to the leaves is known as the:

Back 76

cohesion-tension process

Front 77

The process by which the water that has traveled up through the plant to the leaves evaporates is known as:

Back 77

transpiration

Front 78

In plant reproduction, the diploid generation is known as a ________.

Back 78

sporophyte

Front 79

The reproductive organs of the sporophyte produce _______ through the process of meiosis.

Back 79

gametophytes

Front 80

True/False: Gametophytes may be male or female and are always haploid.

Back 80

true

Front 81

True/False: The male gameotophyte of a plant produces sperm and the female produces an egg cell.

Back 81

true

Front 82

When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, they produce a ______.

Back 82

zygote

Front 83

True/False: Asexual reproduction occurs through mitosis only and produces offspring genetically identical to the parent.

Back 83

true

Front 84

True/False: Many plants reproduce from a combination of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Back 84

true

Front 85

True/False: Plants do not have hormones.

Back 85

false

Front 86

What process do the giberellins hormones (65) regulate or influence?

Back 86

cell division and cell elongation

Front 87

What process does the cytokinins hormone regulate or influence?

Back 87

cell division and fruit development

Front 88

What process does the abscisic acid hormone regulate or influence?

Back 88

opening and closing of the stomata (controlling water lost through transpiration and formation of winter buds that put plant in a dormant state)

Front 89

What process does the ethylene hormone influence or regulate?

Back 89

ripening of fruit (spoiling releases ethylene which stimulates ripening of surrounding fruit); metabolic activity (ie producing female flowers to increase fertilization)

Front 90

What process does the auxins hormone regulate or influence?

Back 90

growth factors (ie tropism)

Front 91

What is a tropism?

Back 91

an involuntary response of an organism to an external stimulus such as light, water, gravity, or nutrients. For example, plant stems are usually positively phototropic (meaning they grow towards light) and plant roots are negatively phototropic (meaning they grow against light).

Front 92

Are roots positively or negatively phototropic?

Back 92

Negatively

Front 93

Plant roots are negatively _______; meaning they grow toward the center of Earth.

Back 93

geotropic

Front 94

Tropisms are thought to be caused by plant ______, which react to the external stimulus causing some cells to grow quickly and other cells to grow slowly.

Back 94

hormones

Front 95

Variations of ______ levels also influence the strength of petioles and stems, regulating when leaves or fruit drop.

Back 95

auxin

Front 96

What is the characteristic that describes plants' response to relative periods of light and darkness?

Back 96

photoperiodicity

Front 97

What trait causes flowering and growth of varying plants at different times of year, due to a trigger response through light sensitive chemicals?

Back 97

photoperiodicity

Front 98

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the female stigma is termed:

Back 98

pollination.

Front 99

__________ is the transfer of pollen by an insect.

Back 99

Entomophyly

Front 100

__________ is the transfer of pollen by wind.

Back 100

Anemophyly

Front 101

The ___________ consists of the stigma, style, and ovary containing one or more ovules

Back 101

gynoecium

Front 102

True / False:
Some flowers develop in such a way as to pollinate themselves.

Back 102

true

Front 103

True/ False: Flower color is thought to indicate the nature of pollinator.

Back 103

true

Front 104

Red petals are thought to attract ______, yellow petals are thought to attract bees, and ______ petals are thought to attract moths.

Back 104

red, yellow, white

Front 105

Most of a plant's metabolism takes place in these cells.

Back 105

Parenchyma

Front 106

These vessels allow water to flow to different parts of a plant.

Back 106

Xylem

Front 107

In plants that undergo secondary growth, the periderm consists of which type of cells.

Back 107

Cork

Front 108

These cells have a hardening agent that makes them rigid. They have a support function in plants.

Back 108

Sclerenchyma

Front 109

Another name for bark is ...

Back 109

Periderm