Plants

Front 1

What is the heirachy in plants?

Back 1

organs-tissues-cells

Front 2

What are the three basic organs and two systems?

Back 2

roots,leaves,stem
shoot system,root system

Front 3

what are the properties of roots?

Back 3

an organ that anchors the vascular plant
absorbs minerals and water
often stores organic nutrients
absorption of water & minerals occurs near the root tips
many tiny root hairs increase surface area of the root

Front 4

What are some modified roots?

Back 4

prop roots, storage roots, ariel roots, buttress roots, pneumotaphores

Front 5

What does the stem consist of?

Back 5

organ consisting of
alternating system of nodes and internodes
Nodes
points at which leaves are attached
Internodes
stem segments between nodes

axillary bud
structure that has potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch
terminal bud
located near shoot tip
causes elongation of young shoot

Front 6

what do leaves consist of and waht is their basic function?

Back 6

main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants
consist of:
flattened blade
petiole - joins leaf to a node of the stem

Front 7

leaf morphology - used in classifying angiosperms. Types of modified leaves?

Back 7

Simple leaf
a single, undivided blade.
Some are deeply lobed, as in anoak leaf.

Compound leaf
blade consists of
multiple leaflets

Doubly compound leaf
each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets.

Front 8

What are some evolved modified leaves?

Back 8

Tendrils,spines,stoarage leaves, bracts, reproductive leaves

Front 9

What are the three tissue systems?

Back 9

dermal, vascular, and ground tissues

Front 10

Dermal tissue

Back 10

consists of epidermis and periderm

Front 11

Ground tissue

Back 11

includes many cell types -
specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support

Front 12

What are the two vascular tissues?

Back 12

xylem - water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

phloem - organic nutrients from leaves to where they are needed

Front 13

What are common plant cell types?

Back 13

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Front 14

What are the two types of meristems?

Back 14

Apical meristems
located at tips of roots and in buds of shoots
elongate shoots and roots through primary growth
Lateral meristems
Add thickness to woody plants through secondary growth

Front 15

What does a root cap do?

Back 15

protects the apical meristem as root pushes through soil during primary growth

Front 16

What is the tissue organization of a dicot?

Back 16

vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Front 17

What is the tissue organization of a monocot?

Back 17

In monocot stems
vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue

Front 18

What is the vascular Cambium?

Back 18

a cylinder of meristematic cells one cell thick
appears as a ring, with interspersed regions of dividing cells

Front 19

What three things produce the plant body?

Back 19

Growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation

Front 20

How is it dtermined how the plane in which a cell divides

Back 20

Is determined during late interphase

Front 21

What happens to microtubules in the cytoplasm during the plane and symmetry of cell division?

Back 21

Become concentrated into a ring called the preprophase band

Front 22

What is pattern formation and how is it determined?

Back 22

development of specific structures in specific locations

determined by positional information - signals that indicate to each cell its location

Front 23

What are homeotic gens?

Back 23

control the body plan. control the fate of the cell. can cause a trait to be normal or over expressed.

Front 24

What is cellular differentiation?

Back 24

cells of a developing organism synthesize different proteins and diverge in structure and function even though they have a common genome
during development, cells differentiate into different cell types - some genes switched off permanently.

To a large extent depends on positional information
Is affected by homeotic genes
A cell’s position in a developing organ determines its pathway of differentiation

Front 25

What are the phase changes?

Back 25

Developing from:
juvenile phase to
adult vegetative phase to
adult reproductive phase

Front 26

What is flowering?

Back 26

Involves a phase change from vegetative growth to reproductive growth
triggered by a combination of environmental cues and internal signals
associated with switching-on of floral meristem identity genes

Front 27

what are the four types of floral organs?

Back 27

Sepals,Petals,Stamens, Carpels

Front 28

What are the three types of vascular transport?

Back 28

Transport of water and solutes by individual cells, such as root hairs

Short-distance transport of substances from cell to cell at the levels of tissues and organs

Long-distance transport within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant

Front 29

What is the selective permability of membranes?

Back 29

controls movement of solutes in and out of the cell

Specific transport proteins
Enable plant cells to maintain an internal environment different from their surroundings

Front 30

What are protein pumps?

Back 30

Create a hydrogen ion gradient - a form of potential energy - can be harnessed to do work
Contribute to a voltage known as a membrane potential

Front 31

What is osmosis?

Back 31

Determines the net uptake or water loss by a cell
Is affected by solute concentration and pressure

Front 32

What is water potential?

Back 32

Is a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure
Determines the direction of movement of water
Water
Flows from regions of high water potential to regions of low water potential

Front 33

What is solute and pressure potential?

Back 33

The solute potential of a solution
Is proportional to the number of dissolved molecules
Pressure potential
Is the physical pressure on a solution

Front 34

What increase or reduces water potential?

Back 34

addition of solute reduces.

application of pressure increases potential.

negative pressure decreases water potential

Front 35

What occurs when a cell is plasmolyzed?

Back 35

it has been placed in an environment with a higher solute concentration it will lose water

Front 36

What happens when a cell becomes turgid?

Back 36

The cell is placed in a solution with a lower solute concentration and the cell gains water

Front 37

Properies of vacuole?

Back 37

occupies up to 90% of protoplast.

The vacuolar membrane regulates transport between the cytosol and the vacuole

Front 38

What is the continuim of cell wall and cytoplasm?

Back 38

Apoplast and the symplast

Front 39

Water and minerals can travel through a plant by one of three routes

Back 39

Out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell = transmembrane route
Via the symplast - through connected cytoplasm
Along the apoplast - through connected cell walls

Front 40

How is movement through the xylem and Phloem possible?

Back 40

driven by pressure differences at opposite ends of the xylem vessels and sieve tubes

Front 41

How do water and minerals enter the plant?

Back 41

Enter the plant through the epidermis of roots and ultimately flow to the shoot system

Front 42

What is mycorrhizae?

Back 42

Roots and fungi form mycorrhizae - symbiotic structures consisting of plant roots united with fungal hyphae

Front 43

What happens to plants in tranpiration?

Back 43

Plants lose enormous amounts of water through transpiration - the loss of water vapor from leaves and other aerial parts of the plant
The transpired water must be replaced by water transported up from the roots

Front 44

Describe pulling xylem sap

Back 44

Water is pulled upward by negative pressure in the xylem
Water vapor in the airspaces of a leaf diffuses down its water potential gradient
& exits the leaf via stomata
Which exerts a pulling force on water in the xylem, pulling water into the leaf

Front 45

What does thr process of evaporation and pulling of water cause?

Back 45

Transpiration
The transpirational pull on xylem sap
Is transmitted from the leaves to the root tips and even into the soil solution
Is facilitated by cohesion and adhesion

Front 46

What are the effects of transpiration?

Back 46

Plants lose a large amount of water by transpiration
If the lost water is not replaced by absorption through the roots
The plant will lose water and wilt
Transpiration also results in evaporative cooling

Front 47

Describe Stomata

Back 47

90% of water loss is through stomata

Each stoma is flanked by guard cells
Which control the diameter of the stoma by changing shape

Front 48

What is translocation and phloem sap?

Back 48

Translocation
Is the transport of organic nutrients in the plant
Phloem sap
Is an aqueous solution that is mostly sucrose
Travels from a sugar source to a sugar sink

Front 49

What is a sugar source and a sugar sink?

Back 49

A sugar source
Is a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves
A sugar sink
Is an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar, such as a tuber or bulb

Front 50

What is an essential chemical?

Back 50

it is required for a plant to complete a life cycle

Front 51

name some macronutrients

Back 51

carbon,oxygen,hydrogen,nitrogen,phosphorus,calcium,sulfur,magnesium,sulfur

Front 52

name some micronutrients

Back 52

chlorine, Iron, zinc, boron, nickel,copper

Front 53

What are difeciences?

Back 53

The symptoms of mineral deficiency

Depend partly on the nutrient’s function
Depend on the mobility of a nutrient within the plant

the most common defdiences are nitrogen, phosphorus and pottasium

Front 54

explain the system of nitrogen fixing as it involves plants and soil bacteria

Back 54

nitrogen fixing bacteria convert N2 to NH3 then ammonifying bacteria convert it to NH4 then nitrifying bacteria convert it to NO3 and it is then absorbed by the plant and converted back into NH4

Front 55

How can nitrogen be obtained from other organisms?

Back 55

Nitrogen can be obtained from two types of mutualistic relationship that plants have with other organisms:
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Mycorrhizae

Front 56

What are nitrogen fixing nodules?

Back 56

Composed of plant cells that have been “infected” by nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria

Rhizobium bacteria assume a form called bacteroids, which are contained within vesicles formed by the root cell

The bacteria of a nodule
Obtain sugar from the plant and supply the plant with fixed nitrogen
Each legume
Is associated with a particular strain of Rhizobium

Front 57

What are Mycorrhizae?

Back 57

Are modified roots consisting of mutualistic associations of fungi and roots
The fungus

The mycelium of the fungus forms a dense sheath over the surface of the root

Microscopic fungal hyphae extend into the root

Benefits from a supply of sugar donated by the host plant
In return, the fungus
Increases the surface area of water uptake and mineral absorption and supplies water and minerals to the host plant

Front 58

name some macronutrients

Back 58

carbon,oxygen,hydrogen,nitrogen,phosphorus,calcium,sulfur,magnesium,sulfur

Front 59

name some micronutrients

Back 59

chlorine, Iron, zinc, boron, nickel,copper

Front 60

What are difeciences?

Back 60

The symptoms of mineral deficiency

Depend partly on the nutrient’s function
Depend on the mobility of a nutrient within the plant

the most common defdiences are nitrogen, phosphorus and pottasium

Front 61

explain the system of nitrogen fixing as it involves plants and soil bacteria

Back 61

nitrogen fixing bacteria convert N2 to NH3 then ammonifying bacteria convert it to NH4 then nitrifying bacteria convert it to NO3 and it is then absorbed by the plant and converted back into NH4

Front 62

How can nitrogen be obtained from other organisms?

Back 62

Nitrogen can be obtained from two types of mutualistic relationship that plants have with other organisms:
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Mycorrhizae

Front 63

What are nitrogen fixing nodules?

Back 63

Composed of plant cells that have been “infected” by nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria

Rhizobium bacteria assume a form called bacteroids, which are contained within vesicles formed by the root cell

The bacteria of a nodule
Obtain sugar from the plant and supply the plant with fixed nitrogen
Each legume
Is associated with a particular strain of Rhizobium

Front 64

What are Mycorrhizae?

Back 64

Are modified roots consisting of mutualistic associations of fungi and roots
The fungus

The mycelium of the fungus forms a dense sheath over the surface of the root

Microscopic fungal hyphae extend into the root

Benefits from a supply of sugar donated by the host plant
In return, the fungus
Increases the surface area of water uptake and mineral absorption and supplies water and minerals to the host plant