Plant Taxonomy Test 3

Front 1

Family: Cycadaceae (Cycad)

Back 1

Palm-like plants, with an unbranched to sparsely branched woody stem covered with old remnants of leaf bases and living foliage near the apex of the stem. Leaves persistent, pinnately compound. Leaflets circinate when young and unfolding with one midvein and no lateral veins. Seeds large, slightly flattened and covered by a brightly colored, fleshy outer layer

Front 2

Family: Zamiaceae (Coontie)

Back 2

Fernlike with subterranean stem or palm-like with aerial, unbranched stem to 18 m tall. Large persistent, pinnately compound leaves clustered near apex. Leaflets flat when young and unfolding with numerous parallel veins. Seeds large, round and covered by brightly colored, fleshy outer layer and a hard inner layer.

Front 3

Family: Ginkgoaceae (Ginkgo)

Back 3

Trees to 30 m with an asymmetrical crown and furrowed, gray bark. Resin canals absent. Leaves simple and closely packed on stubby spur shoots. Leaves fan- shaped, deciduous and bright yellow in fall. Leaf veins dichotomously branch. Dioecious. Seeds with an unpleasant-smelling outer coat and hard in coat.

Front 4

Family: Pinaceae (Pine)

Back 4

Trees often emitting strong fragrances from bark and/or leaves. Resin canals present. Branches whorled or opposite. Leaves simple, linear to needlelike. Monoecious. Seeds with a long, terminal wing.

Front 5

Family: Cupressaceae (Cypress/Redwood)

Back 5

Trees or shrubs with wood and foliage aromatic. Bark is fibrous, shredding in long strings on mature trees. Leaves persistent, scale-like and short (1 mm to 3 cm) with resin canals. Mostly monoecious.

Front 6

Family: Podocarpaceae (Podocarp)

Back 6

Shrubs or trees to 60 m tall. Slightly resinous. Leaves simple, varying greatly in shape, persistent. Dioecious. Cones modified into a juice structure and therefore drupe-like.

Front 7

Family: Araucariaceae (Norfolk Island Pine)

Back 7

Long-lived trees to 65 m tall and 6 m in diameter. Highly resinous, very symmetrical and conical in shape. Leaves simple and entire, varying greatly in shape even on the same plant. Dioecious and monoecious genera.

Front 8

Family: Taxaceae (Yew)

Back 8

Small to moderately sized trees or shrubs. Wood without resin canals. Leaves simple, persistent for several years, spiral, linear, flattened and acute at apex. Dioecious. Ovules solitary and cones lacking. Seeds with a hard outer coat, with a fleshy bright aril.

Front 9

Family: Ephedraceae (Joint fir)

Back 9

Mostly shrubs. Branches numerous, whorled or clustered, grooved. Leaves scale- like and fused basally into a sheath, shed when plant is young. Branches are green and photosynthetic. Resin canals absent. Dioecious.

Front 10

Family: Nymphaeaceae (Water Lily)

Back 10

Aquatic, rhizomatous herbs. Stems with star-shaped sclerids, numerous air canals and laticifers. Leaves have a long petiole. Flowers are solitary and large; typically floating or raised about surface of the water. Fruit is typically a berry or capsule.

Front 11

Family: Magnolioaceae (Magnolia)

Back 11

Trees or shrubs. Nodes multilacunar. Leaves alternate and entire with stipules present, surrounding the terminal bud. Flower is solitary and terminal. Fruit is an aggregate of follicles.

Front 12

Family: Myristicaceae (Nutmeg)

Back 12

Trees. Bark that exudes a reddish sap when cut. Leaves alternate, simple and entire with hairs that are t-shaped, branched or star-shaped. Fruit is a follicle with single large seed and red aril.

Front 13

Family: Lauraceae (Laurel)

Back 13

Trees or shrubs. Nodes unilacular. Scattered cells throughout containing aromatic terpenoids. Leaves alternate or spiraled, entire margin. Fruit is a drupe

Front 14

Family: Piperaceae (Pepper)

Back 14

Herbs to small trees. Nodes swollen or jointed. Stems containing ethereal oils. Leaves usually alternate or spiral, simple and entire. Inflorescence of thick spikes, densely covered with flowers. Fruit is a drupe.

Front 15

Family: Araceae (Arum)

Back 15

Terrestrial to aquatic herbs. Grooved raphide crystals of calcium oxalate present in specialized cells. Cyanogenic glycosides and alkaloids that can cause irritation of mouth and throat. Inflorescences form a spadix covered with a spathe. Fruit is a berry.

Front 16

Family: Liliaceae (Lily)

Back 16

Herbs with bulbs or rhizomes. Leaves alternate and spiraled or whorled along stem. Six distinct tepals often with spots or lines. Nectar produced at base of tepals. Fruit is a capsule.

Front 17

Family: Asparagaceae (Asparagus)

Back 17

Rhizomatous herbs to shrubs. Stems woody, usually green with scale-like leaves. Leaves alternate and spiral, simple, entire margin. Fruit is a berry.

Front 18

Family: Alliaceae (Onion)

Back 18

Herbs with a bulb. Reduced stems and alternate leaves sheathed at base. Laticifers present with onion- or garlic-scented sulfur compounds. Inflorescence is an umbel. Fruit is a capsule.

Front 19

Family: Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis or Daffodil)

Back 19

Herbs from a bulb. Characteristic “amaryllis” alkaloids present. Leaves alternate, sheathed at base. Ovary inferior. Fruit is a capsule.

Front 20

Family: Asphodelaceae (Aloe)

Back 20

Rhizomatous herbs to tree or shrubs. Leaves alternate in rosettes at base. Leaves often succulent, entire or spinose-serrate. Vascular bundles surround mucilaginous parenchyma tissue. Cells contain colored secretions and accumulate anthraquinones. Fruit is a capsule.

Front 21

Family: Iridaceae (Iris)

Back 21

Herbs with rhizomes, corms or bulbs. Crystals of calcium oxalate in vascular bundles. Leaves alternate and 2-ranked, flattened. Fruit is a capsule.

Front 22

Family: Orchidaceae (Orchid)

Back 22

Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs with rhizomes, corms, or tubers. Roots strongly mycorrhizal with spongy, water-absorbing epidermal cells. Flowers are bilateral and twisted 180°. Flower comprised of 3 tepals, 2 lateral petals, and 1 median petal forming a lip. Fruit is a capsule.

Front 23

Family: Dioscoreaceae (Yam)

Back 23

Twinging vines with thick rhizomes or large tuber-like swellings. Leaves differentiated into a petiole and blade, with palmate venation, the major veins converging and connected by a network of higher-order veins. The petiole usually has an upper and lower pulvinus. Fruit is a capsule.

Front 24

Order: Cycadales

Back 24

Contain specialized roots that host cyanobacteria to for N-fixation. Since they resemble marine coral they are called coralloid roots. Most cycads bear cataphylls, which are scale- like leaves that occur amount the normal leaves for protection.

Front 25

Order: Gnetales

Back 25

Hold particular interest in plant evolution as their seeds are not enclosed in an ovary (gymnosperm), yet they have vessel elements, flower-like structures and double fertilization (angiosperm)