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59 Cards in this Set
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distinctive in being herbs, shrubs, or
small trees (some with milky sap), with a dichlamydeous, triseriate perianth (the corolla biseriate), usually numerous stamens, and a superior, compound ovary usually with parietal placentation, the fruit usually a loculicidal or poricidal capsule |
Papaveraceae
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distinctive in being aquatic herbs
with often atactostelic stems, emergent concave-peltate leaves, and emergent, solitary flowers with numerous tepals, numerous stamens, and an apocarpous gynoecium having pistils partially embedded within an expanded receptacle; the fruit is an aggregate of nuts within an accrescent receptacle |
Nelumbonaceae
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distinctive in being herbs, shrubs, or rarely
trees, with simple, succulent leaves having CAM photosynthesis, a cymose inflorescence with bisexual, actinomorphic, dichlamydeous flowers, and obdiplostemonous or uniseriate stamens,an apocarpousgynoecium,with the fruit a follicetum |
Crassulaceae
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distinctive in being photosynthetic
hemiparasites with haustorial roots attached to roots or branches of a host plant, having small, often unisexual flowers with a uniseriate, valvate periath, antitepalous stamens, and free- central/apical or basal placentation, seeds lacking a seed coat, the fruit a drupe, nut, berry, or explosively dehiscent |
Santalaceae
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distinctive in having simple, spiral leaves,
with or without a stipular ocrea, an inflorescence of fasciculate units, small actinomorphic flowers usually with 3+3 or 5 (quincuncial) connate tepals, a 3 [2,4] carpellate ovary with a single, basal, mostly orthotropous ovule, and a usually 3-sided achene or nutlet, anthocyanin pigments only present. |
Polygonaceae
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distinctive in having nodes often swollen, with simple,
opposite leaves, an inflorescence of solitary flowers or dichasial cymes, and biseriate, actinomorphic, usually pentamerous flowers with distinct, clawed petals, a superior ovary with free-central placentation, and a capsular fruit, anthocyanin pigments only present |
Caryophyllaceae
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distinctive in being trees, shrubs, or herbs with opposite
leaves, the flower(s) subtended by a calyx-like involucre in some, having a uniseriate perianth (calyx, often petaloid), an annular, nectriferous disk, and a unicarpellous ovary with a single, basal, usually campylotropous ovule, the fruit an achene or nut often surrounded by persistent, accrescent calyx, forming an anthocarp. |
Nyctaginaceae
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distinctive in being herbs, rarely shrubs or trees,
with generally opposite, succulent leaves (often with C4 or CAM photosynthesis) and solitary or cymose flowers with a uniseriate perianth (outer petaloid staminodes present in many), usually numerousstamens,and usually numerousovules |
Aizoaceae
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distinctive in being typically stem-succulent,
CAM shrubs or trees, with leaves usually reduced or absent (the axillary meristems modified into specialized areoles bearing leaf spines), numerous, spiral perianth parts intergrading from outer bract-like to inner petal-like parts, numerous stamens, and epiperigynous flowers with numerous ovules and parietal placentation |
Cactaceae
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distinctive in having a rhizomatous, lianous, or
usually arborescent stem, with large, sheathing, plicate leaves, a fleshy, usually drupaceous fruit, and seeds lacking starch. The plicate leaves is an apomorphyfor the family |
Arecaceae
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distinguished from related
families of the Zingiberales in having a spiral leaf arrangement and monoecious plant sex |
Musaceae
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distinguished from
related families of the Zingiberales in having rhizomatous and decumbent or erect, arborescent stems with distichous leaves and flowers having 5-6 stamens. |
Strelitziaceae
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distinguished from related families
of the Zingiberales in having distichous, usually ligulate leaves with a single, dithecal stamen and a petaloid labellum derived from two staminodes. |
Zingiberaceae
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distinguished from related
families of the Zingiberales in having usually distichous leaves and flowers with one petaloid, monothecal stamen associated with 1-4[5] petaloid staminodes. |
Cannaceae
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distinctive in being mostly perennial
herbs with closed sheathed leaves and a trimerous, hypogynous flower with an ephemeral corolla, staminodia in some, most species with characteristic 3-celled glandular microhairs, the latter a probable apomorphy for the family |
Commelinaceae
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distinctive in being perrenial
terrestrial or epiphytic herbs or shrubs with surface peltate scales, often colorful bracts, and trimerous flowers with typically twisted stigmas. |
Bromeliaceae
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distinctive in being herbs with usually
3-sided, solid-pithed stems, closed-sheathed, often tristichous leaves, the inflorescence a “sedge spikelet,” consisting of a central axis bearing many sessile, distichous or spiral bracts, each subtending a single, reduced unisexual or bisexual flower, with perianth absent or reduced to bristles or scales, usually 3 stamens, and a 2–3-carpellate ovary, the fruit a 2- or 3-sided achene |
Cyperaceae
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distinctive in being usually
perennial herbs with spiral, sheathing, bifacial or unifacial leaves, trimerous, actinomorphic flowers with a typically scarious perianth and a loculicidal capsule |
Juncaceae
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STEMS: hollow-pithed
LEAVES: open-sheathed, distichous, with a ligule at inner junction with blade INFLORESCENCE: grass spikelet = axis + two basal glumes + 1-∞ florets Floret = short lateral axis + lemma + palea + flower FLOWER: P 2-3 lodicules A 2-3 (pendulous) G (2-3) FRUIT: caryopsis (grain). |
Poaceae
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- marsh plants
- spadix and spathe (resembling Araceae) - distichous, ensiform, unifacial leaves - perispermous, endospermous seeds - ethereal oil cells - raphide crystals absent |
Acorales
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- aquatic or marsh herbs
- flowers solitary or often whorled - flowers dichlamydeous - gynoecium apocarpous - placentation basal - fruit an aggregate of achenes or follicles |
Alismataceae
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- leaves bifacial
- venation parallel or netted - inflorescence a spadix of numerous, small flowers with a subtending spathe - seeds endospermous - raphide crystals present |
Araceae
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- plants perennial, usually bulbous herbs
- lack an onion-like odor - leaves basal or cauline - inflorescence a raceme, umbel or of solitary fls. - ovary superior |
Liliaceae
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distinctive in being perrenial
subshrubs to branched trees with spiral, xeromorphic, generally fibrous leaves, trimerous hypogynous to perigynous flowers, and characteristic chromosomes (base number with 5 long and 25 short chromosomes). |
Agavaceae
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distinctive in being perennial,
bulbous herbs with an onion-like odor (caused by alliin, coverted to allyl sulfides), basal, narrow leaves, and an umbel for an inflorescence. |
Alliaceae
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- plants herbs or pachycaulous trees
- leaves usually succulent - flowers trimerous - ovary superior ovary - seeds arillat |
Asphodelaceae
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distinguished from related families
in consisting of perennial herbs with ensiform, unifacial leaves, bracteate to spathaceous rhapidia or spikes (sometimes solitary), and flowers with three stamens opposite outer tepals |
Iridaceae
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Roots mycorrhizal
Plants mostly perrennial, terrestrial or epiphytic herbs Flowers often resupinate Inner median tepal often modified as showy labellum Androecium and gynoecium adnate = column, gynostegium, or gynostemium Pollen grains often fused, 1-∞ pollinia, with sticky-tipped stalk, pollinia and stalk termed a pollinarium (unit of pollen dispersal) P (3+3) A 1-3, when 1 a pollinarium G (3), inferior, with gynostemium |
Orchidaceae
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distinctive in being vessel-
less, evergreen shrubs with unisexual flowers having an undifferentiated, spiral perianth, numerous, laminar stamens, and an apocarpous, apically-open gynoecium, with 1-ovuled carpels. |
Amborellaceae
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distinguished from related
families in consisting of aquatic herbs with floating leaves and solitary, floating to emergent flowers with mostly spiral floral parts and petals grading into usually laminar stamens |
Nymphaceae
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distinctive in being evergreen
trees or shrubs with aromatic oil cells, glabrous, spiral pellucid-punctate, exstipulate leaves, and small flowers with numerous, spiral tepals (outer sepal-like, inner petal-like), few to numerous stamens, and few-numerous, one-seeded, apocarpous pistils, the fruit a follicetum |
Illiciaceae
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distinguished from related
families in consisting of perennial trees or shrubs (rarely vines) with aromatic oil glands, evergreen leaves, an undifferentiated perianth, valvular anther dehiscence, and a single, superior ovary having one ovule per carpel with apical placentation, seeds lacking endosperm |
Lauraceae
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distinguished from related families
in consisting of trees and shrubs with stipulate leaves, solitary flowers, a usually undifferentiated petaloid perianth with numerous tepals, and numerous, spiral stamens and an apocarpous gynoecium of numerous, spiral pistils born on elongate receptacular axis (torus or androgynophore); the fruit is an aggregate of follicles, berries, or samaras, seeds usu. with a sarcotesta. |
Magnoliaceae
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Calyx enlarged, petaloid
Corolla reduced to absent Stamens adnate to style, forming gynostemium Ovary inferior to half-inferior Locules generally six |
Aristolochiaceae
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distinctive in having a spadix
with numerous, very small, unisexual or bisexual flowers lacking a perianth |
Piperaceae
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distinctive in being
perennial herbs with a bracteate spike or raceme and with flowers lacking a perianth, the ovary solitary, many-ovulate, the fruit a capsule. |
Saururaceae
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distinguished from
related families in consisting of aquatic herbs with whorled, dichotomously branched, serrulate leaves and solitary, unisexual flower |
Ceratophyllaceae
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distinctive in being herbs, with
sheathing leaves, (compound or simple. often decompound), the inflorescence usually an involucrate compound umbel [rarely a head, simple umbel, or reduced] with actinomorphic flowers having a 2-carpellate and 2-loculate, inferior ovary, each carpel with one, axile-apical, pendulous ovule, the fruit a schizocarp of mericarps. |
Apiaceae
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distinctive in being mostly
tropical trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs with palmate or pinnate (rarely simple, then usually divided) leaves, an inflorescence of heads, umbels, or with umbel units, the flowers with often reduced calyx, apopetalous to sympetalous corolla, and a 1-∞- carpellate inferior ovary with usually apical-axile placentation, the fruit a berry, drupe, or schizocarp. |
Araliaceae
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distinctive in being herbs, shrubs, vines, or
trees, the inflorescence a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries, flowers either bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate, (heads of many taxa a mixture of central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers), with the calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or capillary bristles (or absent), the androecium syngenesious, and with an inferior ovary with a single, basal ovule, the fruit a multiple of achenes |
Asteraceae
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distinctive in being lianas, trees,
shrubs, or herbs with a 5-merous perianth/androecium, the gynoecium usually with 2 carpels, the ovaries distinct in some taxa with styles connate (in Asclepiadoids androecium adnate to single stigma forming a gynostegium and pollen fused to form pollinia, each half derived from an adjacent anther), the fruits variable, but a schizocarp of follicles in the Asclepiadoids. |
Apocynaceae
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Trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs
Leaves simple, entire, usually decussate Stipules connate, often with mucilage-secreting colleters Inflorescence usually a cyme Flowers usually bisexual, perianth dichlamydeous, perianth and androecium often 4 –5-merous (calyx absent in some) Ovary usually inferior (rarely superior), often with an apical nectariferous disk, ovules with a funicular obturator, the fruit a berry, capsule, drupe, or schizocarp. K (4-5) C (4-5) A 4-5 G (2), usually inferior, rarely superior. |
Rubiaceae
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distinctive in having simple,
opposite leaves with zygomorphic, bracteate, usually bilabiate flowers, the fruit an explosively dehiscent, loculicidal capsule with distinctive funicular retinacula ( jaculators) that function in seed dispersal, the funicular retinacula a presumed apomorphy of the family. |
Acanthaceae
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distinctive in being trees, shrubs, or
vines with opposite leaves and usually zygomorphic, often bilabiate, flowers with didynamous stamens, a superior, 2- carpellate ovary having axile or parietal placentation with numerous ovules, the fruit a capsule [rarely indehiscent] with usually flat, winged, exalbuminous seeds. See Olmstead, et al. (2002) for a recent study of intraframilial relationships of the family |
Bigoniaceae
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distinctive in being herbs or shrubs,
often aromatic with ethereal oils, with usually 4-sided stems, opposite [or whorled] leaves, a verticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary in some], and zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic], usually bilabiate flowers having a superior, deeply 4-lobed ovary (by formation of "false septa") and gynobasic style, the fruit a schizocarp of usually 4 nutlets. |
Lamiaceae
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distinctive in being herbs,
shrubs, trees, or lianas with internal phloem, spiral leaves, a usually actinomorphic, 5-merous perianth and androecium (corolla plicate in bud), a usually bicarpellate, syncarpous gynoecium, and usually numerous ovules per carpel, the fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. |
Solanaceae
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distinctive in being trees and
shrubs with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves and usually epiperigynous flowers with numerous stamens. |
Myrtaceae
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distinctive in being herbs and
shrubs (rarely trees) with usually 4-merous [2–6- merous], epiperigynous flowers with usually 4+4 stamens and a monosporic, 4-nucleate female gametophyte, the latter a possible apomorphy for the family. |
Ongraceae
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distinctive in
being herbs, rarely shrubs, with glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides), the perianth cruciate (petals usually clawed), the androecium with usually 2+4, tetradynamous stamens, the gynoecium with a superior, 2- carpellate/loculate ovary, with axile- parietal placentation and a usually 2-valved, dehiscent fruit with a replum (silique or silicle). |
Brassicaceae
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distinctive in being herbs, shrubs, or
trees, often with stellate trichomes, typically with an epicalyx, the calyx valvate, the corolla often convolute [sometimes valvate or imbricate] the stamens connate into tube or 5-∞ bundles, with monothecal or bithecal anthers, gynoecium syncarpous [rarely apocarpous], ovary superior [rarely inferior], ovules axile or marginal, the fruit a capsule, schizocarp of mericarps, berry, or samara. nflorescence with “ bicolor unit ” (after Theobroma bicolor), consisting of a modified, 3-bracted cyme, the trimerous epicalyx of family memberspossibly derived from these 3 bracts. Other apomorphies: valvate calyx stellate or lepidote trichomes, dilated secondary tissue rays |
Malvaceae
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distinctive in being trees, shrubs,
lianas, or perennial herbs with resin ducts or laticifers (some species causing allergenic responses), flowers generally 5-merous, with a nectariferous disk and single ovule per carpel, the fruit a drupe with a resinous mesocarp. |
Anacardiaceae
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distinctive in being trees, shrubs,
lianas, or herbs, with simple to compound leaves and usually bisexual, actinomorphic, hypogynous, 4–5- merous flowers, typically with an annular, nectariferous disk, the fruit a schizocarp, berry, hesperidium, or drupe; secretory glands containing ethereal oils occur in many tissues, appearing as pellucid punctate glands in the leaves and pericarp |
Rutaceae
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distinctive in having unisexual
flowers with a superior, usually 3-carpellate ovary with 1 ovule per carpel, apical-axile in placentation; Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae have a red, yellow, or usually white ( “ “ milky ” ” ) latex and the Euphorbioideae alone have a characteristic cyathium inflorescence. |
Euphorbiaceae
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herbs, shrubs, or small trees
usually with pinnate or palmate (often trifoliolate) leaves (leaflets often folding at night) flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous stamens usually biseriate with outer, basal nectaries fruit a loculicidal capsule or berry |
Oxalidaceae
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distinctive in being trees, shrubs,
vines, or herbs, with stipulate, often compound leaves and typically pentamerous flowers usually with a single, unicarpellous pistil with marginal placentation, the fruit a legume (or modified legume). |
Fabaceae
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distinctive in being
monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs with a milky latex, stipulate, simple leaves, and unisexual flowers, the female with a usually 2-carpellate (2 styled) pistil and a single, apical to subapical ovule, the fruit a multiple of achenes, in some taxa with an enlarged compound receptacle or syconium |
Moraceae
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distinctive in having usually
stipulate leaves (often adnate to petiole) and an actinomorphic, generally pentamerous flower with hypathium present, variable in gynoecial fusion, ovary position, and fruit type |
Rosaceae
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distinctive in being mostly
monoecious or dioecious vines with simple, palmately veined &/or lobed leaves, usually with tendrils, the female flowers epiperigynous, with usually parietal placentation and three carpels, the fruit a berry, pepo, capsule, or samara |
Cucurbitaceae
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distinctive in being mostly monoecious herbs
or shrubs with tuberous to fi brous roots, often succulent stems, and often oblique-asymmetrical, simple or palmately lobed to compound leaves, the infl orescence axillary and cymose, the males fl owers typically with 2+2 [5+5], valvate tepals, female fl owers typically with 5 [5+5], imbricate tepals, the ovary inferior [half- inferior], often winged, with 2–3 [–6] carpels and locules and numerous ovules/seeds, the fruit a capsule or berry |
Begoniaceae
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