Plant Structures And Functions: Stem

Front 1

General Function

Back 1

Stem Function; Is it GENERAL, PRIMARY, SECONDARY?

Provide pathways for the:

-Movement of water and

dissolved minerals from the

roots into the leaves

-Food synthesized in leaves

to move into roots

Front 2

Primary Function

Back 2

Stem Function; Is it GENERAL, PRIMARY, SECONDARY?

Support and orient the leaves

Front 3

Primary Function

Back 3

Stem Function; Is it GENERAL, PRIMARY, SECONDARY?

-Conduct water and minerals

Front 4

Primary Function

Back 4

Stem Function; Is it GENERAL, PRIMARY, SECONDARY?

Bear flowers and fruits

Front 5

Secondary Function

Back 5

Stem Function; Is it GENERAL, PRIMARY, SECONDARY?

-Storage, Perennation & Vegetative propagation § Photosynthesis

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Secondary Function

Back 6

Stem Function; Is it GENERAL, PRIMARY, SECONDARY?

Protection, Climbing

Front 7

1. Node 2. Internode 3. Axillary bud 4. Apical Bud 5. Apical Dominance 6. Lenticels 7. Leaf scar 8. Bud Scales 9. Bud Scar 10. Leaf primordium

Back 7

External Stem morphology (10)

Hint 7

NIAAALLLBB

Front 8

Axillary bud

Back 8

External structure of stem; : a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch

Front 9

Apical bud

Back 9

aka: terminal bud, islocated near the shoot tip andcauses elongation of a young shoot

Front 10

Apical Dominance

Back 10

helps to maintain dormancy in most non- apical buds

Front 11

Lenticels

Back 11

structure that permits the passage of gas inward and outward

-holes

Front 12

Leaf scar

Back 12

characteristic scar on stem axis made by leaf abscission

Front 13

Bud scales

Back 13

small modified leaves for protection from desiccation (removal of moisture)

Front 14

Bud:

Back 14

a stem’s primary growing point.

Front 15

Bud scar

Back 15

scars left from the removal of bud

Front 16

Leaf primordium

Back 16

an immature lead of the shoot

Front 17

Intercalary meristem

Back 17

portion of the internodes above the node and it is made up of actively dividing cells responsible for the elongation of the monocot stem.

Front 18

tunica

Back 18

-The outer group consisting of one ormore peripheral cell layer

-These cells divideperpendicular to the surface of theshoot apex.

Front 19

Corpus

Back 19

lies below the tunica andinitially has a single layer of cells.

Front 20

shoot apical meristem

Back 20

is a dome- shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip

Front 21

Outside to inside:

Protoderm, Ground Meristem, Procambium

Back 21

Primary Meristems (3)

Front 22

Protoderm

Back 22

- the outermost layer of cells.

- It develops into epidermis (a primary tissue that covers and protects all underlying tissues, prevents excessive water loss and allows exchange of gases necessary

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Ground Meristem

Back 23

comprisesthe greater portion ofmeristematic tissue of theshoot tip.

Front 24

Pith, Cortex

Back 24

Primary tissues forming theground meristem are (2)

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Pith

Back 25

Primary tissues forming the ground meristem that is in the very center of stem

Front 26

Cortex

Back 26

Primary tissues forming the ground meristem that is in a cylinder just beneath the epidermis and surrounding the vascular tissues.

Front 27

pith rays

Back 27

pith and cortex are connected by ________

Front 28

Procambium

Back 28

give riseto primary vascular tissuesnamely: primary phloem andprimary xylem

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MERISTEMS

Back 29

are perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth

Front 30

APICAL MERISTEMS

Back 30

are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots.

Front 31

Primary growth

Back 31

Process where Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots

- Formation of primary tissues: Epidermis, Ground Tissue, Primary vascular tissue

Front 32

Epidermis, Ground Tissue, Primary vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

Back 32

Primary Tissues (3)

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stele

Back 33

is applied to the part of the stem that includes the primary vascular tissues, pith and pith rays.

Front 34

Epidermis

Back 34

outermost single layered, covered with cuticle, bears multicellular hairs, and offers protective function

Front 35

Phloem

Back 35

Vascular tissue that conducts food

Front 36

Vascular cambium:

Back 36

Vascular tissue that produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem

Front 37

Xylem:

Back 37

Vascular tissue that conducts water and mineral salts, and gives strength to stem

Front 38

Cortex

Back 38

Vascular tissue that stores food in young stems, manufactures food, strengthen and protects.

Front 39

Pith:

Back 39

Vascular tissue that Stores food

Front 40

Pith rays

Back 40

Vascular tissue that Connects pith and cortex store food, conduct water, mineral salts and food radically

Front 41

FALSE! Secondary growth occurs in stemsand roots of woody plants butrarely in leaves.

Back 41

True or False ;

Secondary growth always occurs in leaves

Front 42

Phellem, Phellogen, Pheloderm

Back 42

3 tissue layers of Periderm

Front 43

PHELLEM

Back 43

The outermost layer of periderm, consisting of cork cells.

Front 44

PHELLOGEN

Back 44

or the cork cambium, a part of Periderm that consists of flattened dividing cells.

Front 45

PHELODERM

Back 45

part of Periderm that has a few cell layers in thickness.

Front 46

vascular cambium

Back 46

is a cylinder of meristematic cells one cell layer thick. It develops from undifferentiated parenchyma cells.

-appears as a ring of initials. (yung parang sa tree)

Front 47

Heartwood

Back 47

Center of vascular cambium

Front 48

FALSE! Spring it has Thin cell walls, and in summer THICK cell walls

Back 48

True or False;

Early wood, formed in the spring, hasTHICK CELL walls to maximize waterdelivery

and Late wood, formed in late summer,has THIN-walled cells and contributesmore to stem support.

Front 49

3 rings

Back 49

_______(no. of rings) are visible where lateand early wood meet, and can beused to estimate a tree’s age

Front 50

Dendrochronology

Back 50

is the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate change.

Front 51

BARK

Back 51

consists of all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm

Front 52

LENTICELS

Back 52

________in the periderm allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air.

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INTERMEDIATE GROWTH.

Back 53

A plant can grow throughout its life; this is called ___________

Front 54

DETERMINATEGROWTH.

Back 54

Some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size; this is called __________

Front 55

Annuals, Biennials, Perennials

Back 55

3 Plant life cycles

Front 56

ANNUALS

Back 56

complete their life cycle in a year or less

Front 57

BIENNIALS

Back 57

require two growing seasons

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PERENNIALS

Back 58

live for many years

Front 59

Annual

Back 59

What is their Life cycle; Annual, Biennial, Perennial

Cereals (Wheat, barley, rice, maize, corn, rye)

Front 60

Annual

Back 60

What is their Life cycle; Annual, Biennial, Perennial

Legumes (Plants that has pods; beans, peas, lentils)

Front 61

Biennials

Back 61

What is their Life cycle; Annual, Biennial, Perennial

Carrots

Front 62

Biennials

Back 62

What is their Life cycle; Annual, Biennial, Perennial

Onions

Front 63

Perennials

Back 63

What is their Life cycle; Annual, Biennial, Perennial

Shrubs

Front 64

Perennials

Back 64

What is their Life cycle; Annual, Biennial, Perennial

Trees

Front 65

RHIZOME

RUNNERS AND STOLONS

TUBERS

BULBs

TENDRILS

CORMS

CLADOPHYLLS/PHYLLOCLADE

Back 65

Specialized Stems (7)

Hint 65

“RRTBTCC”

Front 66

RHIZOME

Back 66

Specialized Stem:

horizontal stems that grow belowground with short internodes andbears scale-like leaves.

Front 67

RUNNERS

Back 67

Specialized Stem::

horizontal stems that grow above ground, generally along the surface.

Front 68

STOLONS

Back 68

Specialized Stem:

like runners but are produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions but usually not horizontally.

Front 69

TUBERS

Back 69

Specialized Stem:

- a thick under ground storage stem, usually not upright bearing outer buds but lack protective scales.

Front 70

BULBS

Back 70

Specialized Stem:

- consist of small amount of verticalstem and a massive quantity of thick,fleshy storage leaves.

- Most of them consist of concentricrings of scales attached to a basalplate.

Front 71

CORMS

Back 71

Specialized Stem:

- resemble bulbs but differ from them in being composed almost entirely of stem tissue, except for a few papery, scale-like leaves sparsely covering the outside.

- Consist of one or more internodes with at least one growing point.

- Formed from a swollen bases of stems.

Front 72

CLADOPHYLLS/PHYLLOCLADE

Back 72

Specialized Stem:

-The entire shoot is flattened and leaf like

Front 73

TENDRILS

Back 73

These are specialized stems in grapesbut are modified leaves or leaf parts inplants like peas and cucumbers

- Swirly thingies

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Rhizome

Back 74

What Specialized stem is: GINGER

Front 75

Rhizome

Back 75

What Specialized stem is: COGON GRASS

Front 76

Runners

Back 76

What Specialized stem is: Strawberry

Front 77

Stolons or Tubers

Back 77

What Specialized stem is: POTATO

Front 78

Bulb

Back 78

What Specialized stem is: Onion

Front 79

Corms

Back 79

What Specialized stem is: Sweet potato

Front 80

Cladophylls

Back 80

What Specialized stem is: Cactus

Front 81

Tendrils

Back 81

What Specialized stem is: specialized stems in grapes

Front 82

Tendrils

Back 82

What Specialized stem is: modified leaves or leaf parts inplants like peas and cucumbers

Front 83

White Flux or Alcoholic flux

Back 83

is a stress-related disease that affects sweet gum, oak, elm and willow trees. trees. The disease iscaused by a microorganism thatferments the sap that seeps orbleeds from cracks and woundsin the bark. The result is a white,frothy ooze that has a fermentingodor similar to beer.

Front 84

Sap

Back 84

the blood ofa tree. It carries energy out intothe branches when new buds areforming in spring-time.

Front 85

in spring andearly summer.

Back 85

In what season does most sap flow? (2)

Front 86

pruning, wounding or attack by insects or disease.

Back 86

Pine trees release sap naturally or in response to _______, ________,__________, ____________?

Front 87

bark beetle

Back 87

The pine produces excessive amounts of sap to protect itself againstthe___________