Plant Structure

Front 1

shoot system

Back 1

above ground, includes organs like leaves, buds, stems, flowers/fruit (if grown)

Front 2

root system

Back 2

below ground, includes organs such as roots, tuber and rhizomes

Front 3

tuber

Back 3

swollen underground stem that stores food (e.g. potato)

Front 4

rhizome

Back 4

horizontal stems with upright leaves containing vascular tissue

Front 5

dermal tissue

Back 5

covers outer surface of herbaceous (non-woody stem/plan with little secondary growth) plants

Front 6

ground tissue

Back 6

bulk of primary plant body (e.g. parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells)

Front 7

vascular tissue

Back 7

transports food, water, minerals and hormones within plant (e.g. xylem, phloem, cambium)

Front 8

meristem

Back 8

region of localized mitosis in which cells are formed at the tip of root or shoot

Front 9

cambium

Back 9

lateral meristem that usually produces secondary growth (wood, cork)

Front 10

parenchyma

Back 10

plant cell that functions in storage, photosynthesis and as the bulk of ground and vascular tissue

Front 11

palisade parenchyma

Back 11

elongated cells located in many leaves below epidermal tissue

Front 12

spongy mesophyll

Back 12

cells that occur 1-2 layers below palisade

Front 13

chollenchyma

Back 13

cells that support plant and occur as part of vascular bundles on the corners of angular systems

Front 14

schlerenchyma

Back 14

supporting plant cells that occur as bundle cap fibers, thickening in secondary walls

Front 15

xylem

Back 15

woody walls of certain plant cells that conduct water/minerals from roots to leaves

Front 16

angiosperms

Back 16

flowering plants, most recently evolved large group of plants

Front 17

lignin

Back 17

a polymer (organic molecule) in secondary cell wall of woody plant cells that helps strengthen/stiffen walls

Front 18

tracheids

Back 18

long, tapered cells with pitted walls that form tubes in xylem to carry water/solutes from roots

Front 19

vessel elements

Back 19

short, wide cells arranged from end to end to form tube systems in xylem

Front 20

phloem

Back 20

tissue in vascular system that moves dissolved sugars and other photosynthesis products

Front 21

sieve cells

Back 21

allow sucrose to flow through them

Front 22

companion cells

Back 22

assist sieve cells

Front 23

epidermal tissue

Back 23

prevents water loss, acts as barrier to fungi and other invaders - cells are closely packed together

-many plants have cuticle (waxy) layer to prevent water loss

Front 24

guard cells

Back 24

regulate exchange of water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 25

stomata

Back 25

openings to facilitate gas exchange between inner parts of leaves, stems and fruits

Front 26

secondary growth

Back 26

occurs in cork, secondary xylem or secondary phloem

Front 27

cork

Back 27

outer layer of bark in woody plants, dead cells, produced by cork cambium

-cells are art of epidermus

Front 28

growth rings

Back 28

at the end of each season, vascular cambium completes vascular cylinder and forms growth ring

Front 29

leaf

Back 29

flat blade, 1 or more leaf veins, petriole and (usually) axillary bud

Front 30

petiole

Back 30

non-leafy part of leaf that attaches leaf to stem

Front 31

axillary bud

Back 31

buds born in the axil (where leaf meets stem)

Front 32

simple vs. compound

Back 32

simple: single subdivision of leaf

compound: more than one leaflet subdivision

Front 33

nodes

Back 33

location where leaf attaches to stem

Front 34

leaf phyllotaxy

Back 34

the pattern exhibited of leaf attachment to stem