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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two life requirements we get from plants, in order of importance?
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oxygen and water
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What is photosynthesis?
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the process by which plants convert light energy into stored energy (carbohydrates)
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What is respiration?
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the process by which plants convert stored energy (carbs) into a usable energy
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What percentage of oxygen comes from oceans? What percent from terrestrial plant life?
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60% from oceans, 40% from terra firma
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Where does 90% of oxygen created in the ocean come from?
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phytoplankton, the algae-like organism that makes the ocean green
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What does autotrophic mean?
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living organisms that produce their own food from inorganic compounds.
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What does heterotrophic mean?
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living organisms that depend on organic compounds (plants and animals) for their food).
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What is the elemental compostion of air?
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78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, .036% carbon dioxide
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In order of quantity consumed, what plants feed the world?
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cereal crops, roots and tubers, oil crops, sugar, fruit crops, and vegetable crops
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What enhancements do we get from plants?
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fuels, shelter, fiber/clothing, medicines, latex, and aesthetics
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What are six common medicinal plans?
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aloe vera, willow bark, dandelion root, echinacea, garlic, ginkgo
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Where/when did agriculture begin?
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12,000 to 10,000 years ago in Iraq, Africa, and Asia
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What is CSA?
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Community Supported Agriculture - people get a subscription for in-season crops from a farmer
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Why do cities expand to agricultural areas?
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they are flat and easy to build on
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What is the current population of Earth? Of China and India combined?
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6.94 billion on Earth, 2.6 billion in China and India
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What is sustainability?
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Is it possible to continually produce the commodity without harm to the environment or human life?
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How much of American income goes toward food?
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10%
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Where will most exported food be grown in the future?
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USA, Canada, Russia
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Is 'sustainable' a federally defined word, or is it nebulous?
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nebulous
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Is 'organic' a federally defined word, or is it nebulous?
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federally defined
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What does gymnosperm mean? How is it different from angiosperms? What are some examples?
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"naked seed" - no ovary - pine, fir spruce
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What does angiosperm mean? How is it different from gymnosperms?
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"contained seed" - flowers and seeds within the ovary
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What is germination?
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The transformation from a dormant seed to a seedling.
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What is a hypocotyl?
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It will emerge from the seed and turn in to a radical (root).
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What is an epicotyl?
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It will emerge from the seed and turn into the leaves.
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What is endosperm?
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Stored carbohydrates that feed the plant until it can photosynthesize, and the portion of a seed we enjoy eating (peanut, corn, etc)
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What is the testa?
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seed coat
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What is a plumole?
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shoot
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What is a radicle?
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The first root that emerges out of the seed. It becomes a root when it matures.
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What is a coleoptile?
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tube (often green or translucent) encasing the plumole to ease its upward growth into the soil
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What is a coleorhiza?
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Tube encasing the radicle to ease its downward growth?
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What is the pericarp?
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seed coat
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What is epigeous germination?
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when the seed is brought above ground when germinating (bean)
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What is hypogeous germination?
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when the seed stays below ground when germinating (corn)
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What are the three purposes of roots?
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absorb water and minerals, anchor the plant, and store energy
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What are some examples of plants with fibrous roots?
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grasses, monocots, annuals
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What are some examples of plants with tap roots?
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dicots, perennials
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What is the purpose of a root hair?
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It is the site where most water and nutrients are absorbed.
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What is the function of the root cap?
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It protects the root tip - cells rapidly divide, as the cap sloughs off it acts as a lubricant for the root
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What is the meristem?
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The undifferentiated (have no purpose yet) cells
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Where are apical meristems located?
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root tips
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What are the four purposes and functions for leaves?
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to make carbohydrates through photsynthesis, primary site of gas exchange, large amount of water exits through leaves, and stores food
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What is the cuticle?
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The waxy substance that covers the leaves and stem of some plants - helps contain water.
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What is the stomata?
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An opening in the epidermis of a leaf (mainly on the underside), that permits the exchange of gases
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What are guard cells?
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two cells located on either side of the stomata that opens the stomata when turgid so photosynthesis can occur and closes it when dehydrated to conserve water
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What are the 2 parts of the mesophyll layer, and what do they do?
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Palisade mesophylls are the primary site of photosynthesis. Spongy mesophyll keeps the epidermi apart so gas can flow freely.
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Where in a leaf are the vascular bundles?
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spongy mesophyll
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What is the purpose of a flower?
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To allow a plant to reproduce and spread its seed,
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What is a peduncle?
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stem that supports a single flower
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What is a receptacle?
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swollen area where all parts intersect
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What is a sepal?
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a leaf-like appendage that protects the immature bud
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What do you call all of the sepals?
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calyx
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What is the purpose of a petal?
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to attract pollinators
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What do you call all petals?
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corolla
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What are the 3 parts of the female reproductive system? What are their purposes?
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stigma, style, ovary
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What are the 2 parts of the male reproductive system? What are their purposes?
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filament and anther
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What is the pistil?
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female reproductive system
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What is the stamen?
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male reproductive system
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What is the purpose of the filament?
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positions the anther for optimum pollen distribution
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What is the purpose of the anther?
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to produce pollen
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What is the stamen?
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male reproductive system
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What is the pistil
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female reproductive system
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What is pollen?
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contains the male genetic information
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What is the an ovule?
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part within the ovary where seed will develop
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What is the function of the ovary?
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to protect and nourish the developing seed after fertilization
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What is the function of the style?
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to connect the stigma to the ovary (to allow pollen tube to grow) and to position stigma for optimum pollen-catching
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What is the function of the stigma?
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to catch pollen and release and enzyme triggering the correct pollen to grow
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What is the pollen tube?
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grows from the pollen on the stigma, down the style, and into the ovary - has 2 sperm cells, one fertilizes the ovule, the other becomes endosperm
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What four parts do all complete flowers have?
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sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil
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What is an incomplete flower missing?
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one or more of: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
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What parts does a perfect flower have?
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stamen and pistil
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What is an imperfect flower missing?
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stamen or pistil
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What is a monoecious plant?
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has both male and female flowers on one plant
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What are some examples of monoecious plants?
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corn, grass, most conifers, walnuts, squashes, begonias
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What is a dioecious plant?
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has separate male and female plants
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What are some examples of dioecious plants?
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sego palms, ginkgo, pistachios
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What are the four types of inflorescence?
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solitary, spike, raceme, umbel
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What is a solitary flower?
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one flower on the peduncle
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What is a spike flower?
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one branched axis directly attached to the peduncle
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What is a raceme flower?
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one unbranched axis with flower attached with pedicels
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What is an umbel flower?
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all pedicels attach at one point on top of the peduncle
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