Plant Prop Test #2 Lecture Notes

Front 1

Tissueculture was first developed by a scientist named_______ in 1902

Back 1

Haberlandt

Front 2

_____________ Area:

cleaning glassware, prepare______, supply_________

Back 2

Preparation Area

Cleaning glassware, prepare media, supply storage

Front 3

___________:

Where ____ inserted into _______and where transfers to fresh media occur

Back 3

Transfer Area Where explants are inserted into culture and where transfers to fresh media occur

Front 4

____________________:

Where________ and ___________ regimes can be controlled

Back 4

Growing Area Where specific light and temperature regimes can be controlled

Front 5

Potential for high rates of clonal multiplication achieved in a short time

Ex: a fourfold multiplication rate every 4 weeks could produce 1 million plants in 10 months

Back 5

Mass propagation

Advantagesof Using Tissue Culture

Front 6

Advantageousfor propagation of species which_________by conventional propagation methods

Back 6

Multiply slowly

Advantagesof Using Tissue Culture

Front 7

Possible to propagate virus-free propagules, sterile plants, and seed, and uniform plants

Back 7

Advantagesof Using Tissue Culture

Front 8

Can happen because cultures can be taken from cells in meristematic areas which are usually not infected by viruses or other pathogens

Back 8

Advantages of Using Tissue Culture

Front 9

Breeding

Back 9

Can shorten the time between the first cross and release of the new cultivar

Advantagesof Using Tissue Culture

Front 10

Potential for long-term storage of clonal material

Secondary products such as medicinal products may be extracted more readily Biotechnology

Back 10

Germplasm storage

Advantagesof Using Tissue Culture

Front 11

Biotechnology

Back 11

Haploid plants, plants with gene mutations, and plants with herbicide resistance may be produced (to name a few!)

Advantagesof Using Tissue Culture:

Front 12

Potential for more economical long-distance shipment of propagated material

Back 12

Advantages of Using Tissue Culture:

Front 13

Potential for year-round scheduling of propagated material (no seasonality)

Back 13

Advantages of Using Tissue Culture:

Front 14

Shootscan form by axillary or adventitious patterns in _______________

Back 14

vitro

Front 15

Axillary shoots:

Back 15

Form from existing buds at each node on the stem

Front 16

Adventitious shoots

Back 16

Arise from places where buds do not normally form, such as roots, leaves, flowers, and stem internodes

Front 17

Micrografting

Back 17

Comparableto grafting and budding

Front 18

Name 4 benefits to micrografting:

Back 18

Disease free plants using meristem tips

Virus indexing

Detecting graft incompatibilities

Send germplasm between countries

Front 19

Name 4 plants used in micrografting:

Back 19

Citrus, grapes, pear, apple, cherry, walnut, Douglas-fir, Sequoia, spruce, avocado, cactus

Front 20

Seed Culture

Seeds

Back 20

Usedwith many herbaceous plants including orchids, which lack storage reserves

Front 21

Embryoculture

Back 21

Embryosare isolated from fruit and seed coverings

Front 22

Ovuleand ovary culture

Back 22

Unfertilizedovules are excised, grown in culture then supplied with pollen

Front 23

Organogenesis

Back 23

Initiationof both adventitious shoots and adventitious roots within masses of calluscells (dedifferentiated parenchyma cells)

Front 24

Developmentof a single-celled zygote and initiation and development of an embryo fromvegetative cells rather than fertilization

Back 24

Embryogenesis

Front 25

Embryogenesis is used for what??

Back 25

Developmentof a single-celled zygote and initiation and development of an embryo fromvegetative cells rather than fertilization

Front 26

Embryogenesis

What are the three explant materials used?

Back 26

Embryoor seedling tissueii. Seedtissue other than the embryo

Vegetativetissue (leaf, flower, root)

Front 27

Name the 7 steps of Embryogenesis

Back 27

1.Select explant material

2. Induction phase

a.Useof 2,4-D in media

3. Maintenance

Cellsaggregate into proembryonic masses (PEM)

4. Developmental stage

5.Maturation stage

6.Germination and conversion stage

7.Transplanting

Front 28

The plant part which is taken from the parent and placed in culture Plantlet

Back 28

EXPLANT

Front 29

New roots or new shoots and roots are formed, resulting in a small plant Propagules

Back 29

Plantlet

Front 30

New shoots or callus produced by the explant through proliferation and recultured for further multiplication

Back 30

Propagules

Front 31

Single microshoots moved to a medium to induce rooting

Can be in vitro or ex vitro

Back 31

Microcuttings

Front 32

Moving the entire culture to a new medium

Back 32

Transfer

Front 33

The act of dividing the developing explants into smaller pieces and moving them into new media

Back 33

subculture

Front 34

Stages ofMicropropagation

1.

Back 34

Establishmentand stabilization of explants in culture

Theexplant is placed into aseptic culture while avoiding contamination thenprovided an in vitro environment that promotes stable shoot production

Front 35

Stages of Micropropagation

2.

Back 35

Multiplication

Rapidmultiplication and subculturing

Front 36

Stages of Micropropagation

3.

Back 36

Root Formation

Rooting

Can be in vitro or ex vitro

Front 37

Stages of Micropropagation

4. Acclimatization

Back 37

Plantingin soil

Acclimationis critical!!

Front 38

Greatestlosses occur in which stage?

Back 38

Stage 1 (Establisment) and Stage 4 (Acclimatization)

Front 39

What are the three sterilization steps?

Back 39

All tools, media, etc.

– autoclave Hands, arms, etc.

– alcohol Plants

– soapy water containing 10% Clorox, 3 rinses in distilled water

Front 40

TheAuxin:Cytokinin ratio is important:

Low auxin:

High auxin:

Moderate auxin:

Back 40

Low auxin:cytokinin – Shoot growth High auxin:cytokinin – Root growth Moderate auxin:cytokinin – Callus growth

Front 41

Habituation

Back 41

Autotrophic growth in cultures that required auxin and cytokinins

Front 42

Hyperhydricity (vitrification)

Back 42

Translucent, water-soaked succulent appearance that can result in deterioration of cultures

Happens most often in liquid media or media with low agar concentrations

Front 43

Methods of reducing the problem:Hyperhydricity (vitrification)

5 Steps

Back 43

Increase agar concentration

Change brand of agar

Modify inorganic ingredients

Change the cytokinin concentration

Add antivitrification agents

Front 44

Death of shoot tips and internal browning

Back 44

Usually caused by calcium deficiency

Basic medium should be adjusted accordingly

Front 45

Many companies sell prepared mixes Name two benefits

Back 45

convenient

Less prone 2 error

Front 46

Factors to include when selecting Media:

Back 46

Factors to consider include:

Sensitivity to high salts

PGR Age of plants

Juvenile tissue regenerates roots easier

Cytokinin:Auxin ratio

Front 47

The most important classes of the PGRs are:

name 2

Back 47

auxin and cytokinin

Front 48

Methods to treat water include

Back 48

Filtration

Deionization

Distillation

Front 49

Steps inMedium Preparation

Back 49

1. Assemble needed glassware

2. Add media components

3. Adjust the pH
4. Add agar

5. Autoclave (121*C for ~15 minutes

Front 50

Where to getseed?

Back 50

Fruit-processing industries

Canneries or cider presses

Seed orchards

Seed collecting

Seed exchange Arboreta and plant societies

Front 51

Harvestmaturity –

Back 51

A seed is ready to harvest when it can be removed from the plant without impairing germination and seed vigor

Front 52

Moisturepercentage of the seed can be an indicator of

Back 52

Maturity

Front 53

Most species must be stored dry

Back 53

(4-6% moisture)

Front 54

Why UseAsexual Propagation

Back 54

To maintain clones

To propagate seedless plants

To avoid long juvenile periods in which no flowering occurs

To avoid an undesirable growth form due to juvenility To combine clones

Front 55

Totipotency

Back 55

All living vegetative plant cells have the genetic information necessary to produce a new plant

Front 56

Advantages ofCloning

Name 2:

Back 56

-Important tool for selecting and maintaining a desirable trait

-All the plants of a clone will be genotypically similar so the resulting population is uniform in size, appearance, and flowering time

Front 57

Disadvantages to cloning

Back 57

1. Monoculture

2. Slow reproduction rates
3. Potential for genetic variation

4. Potential for Systematic Pathogens

Front 58

Does Cloningoccur in Nature?

Back 58

Yeah… Bulbs Rhizomes Tip layers Many other methods

Front 59

Clones are ofthe same genotype

Do they always look the same?

Back 59

No, because of the environment or infection by systemic pathogens (virus)

Front 60

Clones can bemaintained indefinitely if…

Back 60

They are grown in a proper environment

They are continually renewed with vegetative shoots

Front 61

But clonescan decline

Back 61

If continually exposed to an undesirable environment

If exposed to pathogens Random mutations

Front 62

Plantsexhibit 3 phases

Back 62

Juvenile Transition

Adult All three phases may appear on one plant

Front 63

Often,formation of adventitious roots or shoots is easier when cuttings come from the _______

Back 63

juvenile phase

Front 64

Suckers–

Back 64

root sprouts

Front 65

Epicormicshoots –

Back 65

a shoot emerging from a latent bud on the base of a tree

Front 66

Stumpsprouts –

Back 66

the vigorous shoots that are produced from the stump when a tree is pruned back severely.

Front 67

Epigeneticchanges

Back 67

Changes in phenotype due to expression of particular genes

Front 68

Detection of mutants

Back 68

Allele must be dominant

Mutant cell must divide to occupy a significant sector of the growing point

Trait must be conspicuous

Prune plants severely to increase the number of shoots

Front 69

Bud-sport

Back 69

A sudden change in a single branch due to a mutation apparently arising from a single bud

Front 70

Point mutation

Back 70

A change in genotype brought about by alterations of a single nucleotide base in DNA

Front 71

Chimeras

Back 71

The presence of more than one genetic tissue in a plant

Tissues grow separately but adjacent to each other

Front 72

Chimerasoriginate from a mutation in the dividing cells of the

Back 72

meristem

Front 73

L1–

Back 73

Epidermis

Front 74

L2–

Back 74

Outercortex, vascular cylinder, reproductive cells (in anthers and ovules)

Front 75

L3

Back 75

inner cortex, vascular cylinder and pith

Front 76

L2& L3

Back 76

arenot always consistent in the tissues produced

Front 77

Types ofChimeras

Back 77

Periclinal

Mericlinal

Sectorial

Front 78

Periclinal

Back 78

A thin layer of tissue of one genotype completely surrounds a genetically different core

Front 79

Mericlinal

Back 79

Cells carrying the mutant gene occupy only part of the outer cell layer Not stable

Front 80

Sectorial

Back 80

Mutated tissue involves a sector of the stem but it extends all the way from the surface to the center (all layers)

Front 81

Reversion

Back 81

A shoot emerging from inner tissue (L2 and/or L3) of a chimera which shows the genotype of the inner tissue

Front 82

Variation (orvariegation) within clones is caused by

Back 82

Genetic mutation

Chimeras (mutant and nonmutant tissue combined)

Epigenetic (juvenile/adult phase change)

Virus or other pathogen

Front 83

LeafVariegation

Back 83

The epidermal layer has no chloroplasts, so it is colorless

Front 84

Deviation

Back 84

A deviation from this pattern occurs when cells from one layer invade another. Ex. Hosta

Front 85

Displacement

Back 85

Cells in the outer layer shift into the inner layer (L2 to L1)

Front 86

Replacement

Back 86

Cells in the inner layer shift into outer layers (L1 to L2)

Front 87

Histogen layers

Back 87

Structured layers of cells in the plant growing points

Front 88

Trueness to type

Back 88

Corresponding to phenotypic characteristics of the source plant

Front 89

Chimera breakdown

Back 89

Reversion toward the inner tissue genotype, particularly during tissue culture propagation

Front 90

Fixing”a mutation

Back 90

Continuous vegetative selection toward the chimera phenotype

Front 91

Parenchyma cells

Back 91

The basic cells from which all other differentiated cells and tissues are derived, including adventitious organs

Front 92

Dedifferentiation

Back 92

The early stage of adventitious root or bud formation when differentiated cells are triggered to form new meristematic regions

Front 93

Adventitious roots are of two types

Back 93

Wound-induced roots Preformed roots

Front 94

Stages ofAdventitious root formation

Back 94

1.Outer injured cells die, a necrotic plate forms, wound is sealed with suberin

2.Living cells behind the plate begin to divide, soon a layer of parenchyma cells form callus which develops into wound periderm

3.Certain cells in the vicinity of the vascular cambium and phloem begin to divide and initiate root initials that give rise to adventitious roots.